ترشيد الاختيارات الجبائية في المؤسسة الاقتصادية الجزائرية دراسة ميدانية على مؤسسة المشروبات الغازية'

ﺔـﻴﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺙـﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻲـﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡـﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﺭـﻀﺨﻝ ﺝﺎـﺤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻌﻤﺎﺠ -ﻨﺘﺎـﺒ ﺔــ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ﺯﺠﻜ ﺔـﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﺓﺭـﻜﺫﻤ ﺀ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭـﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭـﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎـﻬﺸ لـﻴﻨ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺹﺼﺨﺘ لﺎـﻤﻋﻷﺍ
ا دا إ : ذ ا فاإ : ا   يرز د ر آا

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ﺓﺭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻨﻘﻓﻭﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻌﻨ ﻲﻨﺒﻫﻭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﷲﺍ ﺭﻜﺸﺃ

.

ﻤ لﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺘﻤﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﻜﺸ لﻴﺯﺠ ﻥﻋ ﺏﺭﻋﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻭﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ

ﺩﻴ ﻲﻝ ﻡﺩﻗ ﻥ

ﻪﻤﺎﻤﺘﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻪﺘﻨﺒﻝ ﺀﺎﺴﺭﺇ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻭﻌﻝﺍ

.

ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺎﻔﺒ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻲﻠﻤﻴ لﻴﻤﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺍﺭﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ

ﺓﺭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺍﺭﺸﻹﺎﺒ لﻀﻔﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﻤﺯ ﺩﻭﻌﺴﻤ ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ

.

لﺎﻤﻋ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻝ ﻥﺎﻓﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻲﺴﻔﻨ ﺩﺠﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ

ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﺇﻭ

ﻑﻴﻁﺴﺒ ﺔﻴﺯﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﺭﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻤﺎﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ

ﺩﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﺹﺨﺃﻭ

:

ﻲﺘﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻝﺫﺒ ﺎﻤﻝ ﻥﻭﻋ ﻕﻭﺭﺎﻓ

.

ﺀﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺨ ﻲﻨﻋ ﷲﺍ ﻡﻫﺍﺯﺠﻓ

.

ﻰﻝﺇ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻱﺩﻫﺃ

:

-ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺡﻭﺭ

.

-ﺯﻴﺯﻌﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﻝﺍﻭ

.

-ﻲﺘﺍﻭﺨﺃﻭ ﻲﻨﺍﻭﺨﺃﻭ ﻱﺩﻻﻭﺃﻭ ﻲﺘﺠﻭﺯ

.

-ﻲﺌﻼﻤﺯﻭ ﻲﺌﺎﻗﺩﺼﺃ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ

.

لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺏﻴﺭﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﺩﻋﺎﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ

ﻊﻀﺍﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ

.

ﺭﺼﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻬﻓ

ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺃ ﻱﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ 1 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤـﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤ ﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻴﺒ ﺔ 3 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤـﻝﺍ : ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘﻝﺍ 8 لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻋ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ 13 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤـﻝﺍ : لﺎـﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﺴﺭﻝﺍ 15 ﺢـﺒﺭﻝﺍﻭ لـﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺏﺌﺍﺭـﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤـﻝﺍ 25 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ 46 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤـﻝﺍ : ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴـﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ لﺎـﻜﺸﻷﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ 48 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤـﻝﺍ : ﻴﻠﻤﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻠﻀﺎﻔﻤـﻝﺍ ﺔ 61 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﺒﺠ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ 76 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤـﻝﺍ : ﺔــﻴﺎﺒﺠ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ لــﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ 78 ﻲـﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤـﻝﺍ : ﺭﺎـﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔــﻴﺎﺒﺠ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ 98 ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺯﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﺭﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻤﺎﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ 110 ﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤـﻝﺍ ل : ﺔﻴﺯﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﺭﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻤﺎﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅـﻤـﻝ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻡـﻴﺩﻘﺘ 112 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤـﻝﺍ : ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﺒﺠ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ 122 ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨﻝﺍ 148

ــــــــــا

ـــــــــــــــــــــــFـﺕ

ﻡﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﺔﺌﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘﺘ ﻝ ﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻠ ﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺎﻤ ﻝﺍ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﻊـﻤ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﺕﺍﺭـﻴﻐﺘ ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻭ ﻕﻭـﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻪﺠﻭ ﻥﺴﺤﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤ . ﻭ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺔﻴﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺘﻬﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻭ ﻲﻫ ﺭﺒﻌﹸﺘ ﺓﻭـﻘﻝﺍ ﻥـﻋ ﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺙـﻴﺤ ،ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺼﺤﺘ ﻕﺭﻁﻭ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻭﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻔﺘ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻴ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺔﻨﺴ لﻜ ﺭﺩﺼﻴ ﻥﻤﻀﺘ ﻤﺎﻜﺤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻪ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻭ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﺕﻻﺩـﻌﻤ ﺒﻴﺭـﻀﻝﺍ ﺔ ﻭ ﻹﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻋ ﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺠ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺘ ﻥﻤـﻀ لﺨﺩ ﻝ ﻊـﺴﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﻭـﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﺴﺎﻴﺴﻠ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ . ﻭـﻫ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻌﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔـﻔﻠﻜﺘ لـﻗﺃ لـﻤﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀ ، ﻭ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻠﻤﺎـﺸ ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ،ﻙﻝﺫ لﻼـﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺇ ﺎﻴﺘﺨ ﺭ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺏﺴﻨﻷﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﺇ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘـﺴﻻﺍﻭ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨ . ﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻌﺘﻴ ﻪﻨﻤﻭ ﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﺴ ﺴ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﺒﺠ ﺭﻴ ﺘﻝﺍ ﻲ ﻴ ﺎـﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻥﻤ لﻠﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻥﺴﺤﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺘﺘ ﻠﻤﺤ ﺎﻬ ﻡـﺜ ﻥـﻤﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻓﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﻭـﻘﺤﻝ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﻕﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺄﻤﻁﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ .

(ــ:ا ب 1 .

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ

ﻻ ﺍ ﻲﻔﺘﻜﺘ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺄﺘﺒ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝ ﺇ ﻴﻨﺍﻭـﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻭﺘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺍﺯﺘﻝﻻﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤ ﻥ ﻰـﻠﻋ لـﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻬﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻯﺩﻌﺘﻴ لﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ،ﻪﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻪﻝﻭﺨﻴ ﻙـﻝﺫ ﻲـﻓ ﺎـﻤﺒ ﺇ ﺫﺎـﺨﺘ ﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍ ،ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻪﺒ لﻭﺍﺯﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﻭ . ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺡﺭﻁ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤﻭ :

ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻑﻴﻜ

)

ﺩﻴﺸﺭﺘ

(

ﻬﺘﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ

ﺎ

ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ

لﻤﺤﺘﺒ

ﺃ

؟ﺔﻨﻜﻤﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ لﻗ

2 .

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻓ

ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻺﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﻼﻋﺃ ﻭ ﻡﺘ ، ﻥﻴﺘﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻊﻀ : ﻥﺇ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺏﺴﻨﻷﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ لﻗﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﺒ ؛ ﺔﻴﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﺇ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ . 3 .

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ

لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤ ﻕﺒﺴ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻋ ﺕﺤﺘ :

ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺩﻴﺸﺭﺘ

ﺍ ﻲﻓ

ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝ

ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ

ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤ

ﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ

ﺔﻴﺯﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝ

"

ﻲﻤﺎﻤ

"

ﺘﻨ ﻥﺃ لﻭﺎﺤﻨﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ لﻭﺎﻨ ﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨ ﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎـﻘﻝﺍ لﻜـﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕ ﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋﻭ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﻡﺜ ﻥ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ

ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﺤﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻨ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺱﺭﺩ " ﻲﻤﺎﻤ " ﺔـﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝ ﻯﺩـﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﺄـﺘ ﻬﺘﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺎ ، ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻨﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﻴﺤﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺡﺍﺭﺘﻗﺍ . 4 .

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ

ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔـﻘﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭـﺴﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ لﻘﺜ ﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗ ﻝﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻼﺜﻤ لﺼﺘ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ،ﺔﻌﻔﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﻌﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺭﺃ 25 % ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍﻭ 17 % لﺎـﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡـﻗﺭ ﻥـﻤ ﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ،ﻕﻘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﻷﺍ ﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﺩﻴﺸﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺎﻨﻭﻋ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻪﺠﻭ ﻥﺴﺤﺃ ﺍﺫـﻫﻭ ،ﺎـﻬﺘﺍﺭ ﺭـﻤﻷﺍ ﻻ ﺎﺒ ﻻﺇ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻤﺘﻫ ﻡ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻠﻘﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺔﻴﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺈﺒ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ . 5 .

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ

ﻜﻤﻴ ﻥ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﺹﻴﺨﻠﺘ : -؛ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ -؛ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺩﻴﺸﺭﺘ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺯﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﺭﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻤﺎﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ . 6 .

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻺﻝ لﻭﺎﺤﻨﺴ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﻷﺍ ﻡ ﺔـﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎـﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻊـﻤﺠ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻨ ﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻤﺘﻌ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻝﻭ ،ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺤﺘ ﻘ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻕﻴ ﻲـﻓ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻡﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎـﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺕ ﺔـﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺒ ﻑﺩﻬ ﻀﺇ ﻔﺎ ﺀ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﻗﺍﺩﺼﻤ .

(ــ:ا د 7 .

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺨ

ﻡﺘ ﺩﻘﻝ لﻭﺼﻓ ﺔﺴﻤﺨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘ ، ﻱﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻨﺴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ لﻭﺎﻨﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﻨﺼﺘ . ﻨﻭ ﺼﺨ ﺹ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻝ ﻥﻤـﻀﺘﻴ ﻱﺫـﻝﺍ ،ﻱﺭـﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻌ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺘﺎﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺍﺯﺘﻝﻻﺍ ﺤ ﺭﺩﻨﺴ ﺙﻴ ﺱ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻡﻭـﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ﻨﻭ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻕﺭﻁﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻴﺨﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺢﺒﺭﻝﺍ . ﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻓ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ، ﺴﻓ ﻨ ﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﺱﺭﺩ ﺔ ﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺎ ﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ لﻜﺸ ﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻨﺴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﻷﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺽﺭﻋ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺜ ، ﻨ ﺜﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ لﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺭ لﺎﻜﺸﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺴﻨﻷﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ . ﺴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﹸﻨ ﻹ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺹﺼﺨ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘـﺴﻻﺍﻭ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﺒﺠ ﺓﺭﺍﺩ ﻙـﻝﺫﻭ ، ﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﻠﺴﺘﺒ ﺘ ﻲ ﺘ ﻋ ﺭﺒﻌ ﻥ ﺎـﻤﻜ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻨﺴ ﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭ ﻀﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ لـﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ لﻼـﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﺨﻝ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﺒﺠ ﺓﺩﺎـﻴﺯ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ لﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﺎﻁ . ﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻓ ،ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍﻭ ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻓ ﺴ ﻨﺘ ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺔـﻝﺎﺤ ﺔـﺴﺍﺭﺩ لﻭﺎﻨ " ﻤﺎـﻤ ﻲ " ﺍﺩﺇ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝ ،ﺔﻴﺯﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﺭﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭ ﻲﻓ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻨﺴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ، ﻊﻤ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺌﺍﺭـﻀﻝﺍ ﻡـﺠﺤ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻠﻤﺤﺘ ﺘ ﺎﻬ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ (2008-2005) ﻭ ﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺔﺒﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎـﻘﻝﺍ لﻜـﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ . ﻡﺘﻴﺴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻪﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺽﺭﻋ ﻝﺍ لـﻴﻭﻤﺘ ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻠﻝ ) ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ( ﻪﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ، ﺔﺒﻴﺭـﻀﻝﺍ ﺭـﺜﺃ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ .

يا ا

ی !" #$#%ا ی &'ا ﺹ$')ا

يF ا GHIا : (+ی - (ا (یJ#ا .#ا 2

ـــــــــــــــــــــــFـﺕ

ـﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺭـﻴﻹﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻯﺭﺒﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺔﻴﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ لﺘﺤﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺔ ﺎـﻬﻔﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﺭﻭـﻁﺘ ﻡﻜﺤﺒ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﻭﻨﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻰﻌﺴﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ لﺨﺩـﺘﻝﺍ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺔـﺴﺭﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺏﺴﺒ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺕﺎﻘﻔﻨ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴـﺴﺤﺘﻭ ﺔـﻴﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺎـﻬﺘﻤﻅﻨﺃ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻝﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺌﺍﺩﺃ . ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺭﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻴﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺔ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺭـﻜﻔﻝﺍ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺩﻗﺃ ﻡﻫﺃﻭ ﺭﺩﺎـﺼﻤ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺭﻴﻹﺍ ،ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺭﺎﺜﺁﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﺅﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺎـﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،ﻡﺎﻋ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺔﻴﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﻕﺭﻁ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﻀﺭﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺼﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﺒ لﻜﺸﻭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺌﺎ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ . ـﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﺒ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻭﻘﻨﺴ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﻥ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ : -؛ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤ -ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘ .

ا

ـ

لوا L+

ه

ـــــــــــــــــ

(

 ا

ـی

ـــــــــــــــ

+

(

لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ

:

ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ

ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ

1

.

ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ

ﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌ : " ،ﺎﻔﻠﺴ ﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺩﻭﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨﻭ ﻲﻤﺍﺯﻝﺇ ﻉﺎﻁﺘﻗﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ لﺠﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺫﻝﺍ لﻫﺎﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻘﻴ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻥﻭﺩﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻭ ،ﻡﺎﻋ ﻊﻔﻨ " 1 . ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ : ﺃ . ﻱﺩــــﻘﻨ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﺔـــﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ : ﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺃ ﺩﻭـﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ،ﺍﺩﻘﻨ ﻊﻓﺩﺘ ﺏ ﺒ ،ﻱﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺼﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺭﺍﺩﻘﻤ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻲﻨﻴﻋ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺩ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻨﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ . ﺏ . ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﺎﺒﺠﻹﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ : ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺎـﻨﻴﺩ ﺢﺒﺼﺘﻭ ﺽﺭﻔﺘ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﺘ ﻭﻝﻭ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺔﻴﻤﺍﺯﻝﺇ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺼﺤﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ،ﺎﻬﺒ ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺀﻭـﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﻤ ﺎـﻬﻐﻠﺒﻤ ﺩـﻴﺩﺤﺘﻭ ﺏﺌﺍﺭـﻀﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺭـﺸﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻩﺍﺭﻜﻹﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻠﻝ ﺯﻭﺠﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﺩﺭﻔﻨﺘ ﺹﺎﺨ ﻕﺤ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺼﺤﺘ ﺦﻴﺭﺍﻭﺘﻭ . ﺝ . ﺔــﺒﻴﺭﻀﻠﻝ ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ : ﻪـﻨﺃ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ،ﺎﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ لﻴﺼﺤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺃ ﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ لﻴﺼﺤﺘ ﻡﺘ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻥـﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺎﻬﻋﺎﺠﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺈ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺎﻬﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤﺒ ﺔﺒﻝﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍ . ﺩ . ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺒﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻝ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺩﺘ : ﺔـﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻤﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺎﻨﻫﻭ ﻡﺎـﻌﻝﺍ ﻕـﻓﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻝ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻷ ،ﻡﺎﻜﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻁﺒﻀﻝﺍ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻤﻭ . 1 ،ﺭـﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔـﻋﺎﺒﻁﻠﻝ ﺏﺎﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﺴﺭﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺩﻤﺤﻤ لﺎﻔﺠ 1987 ، ﺹ : 20 .

يF ا GHIا : (+ی - (ا (یJ#ا .#ا 4

2

.

ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘ

ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ

ﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻋ

ﺔﻬﺒﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫ

ﺃ . ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘ : ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ " لﻭـﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺘـﻴ ﻱﺩﻘﻨ ﻎﻠﺒﻤ ﺔـﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﻝ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﺅﺘ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﺨ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻱﻭﻨﻌﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﺹﺨﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻝ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻴ ﺹﺎﺨ ﻊﻔﻨ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ " 1 ، ﺯـﻴﻤﺘﻴ ﻡـﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﺈـﻓ ﻙﻝﺫـﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝﺎﺒ : ﺃ . 1 . ﺔــــﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺔـﻔﺼ : ﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺃ ﻲـﻓ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻜ ﻊﻓﺩﻴ ﻡﺴﺭ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻭ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺭﻴﻹﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ . ﺃ . 2 . ﻱﺭﺒـــﺠﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ : ﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﺢﺒﺼﻴﻭ ﺽﺭﻔﻴ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺀﻭﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﺘ ﻭﻝﻭ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺔﻴﻤﺍﺯﻝﺇ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﻪﻠﻴﺼﺤﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ،ﻪﺒ ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺍﺭﻜﻹﺍ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ لﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻩﺍﺭﻜﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ، . ﺃ . 3 . ﺔﻤﺩﺨ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ : ﻥﻭﻜﻴ لﺒﺎﻘﻤﻭ ﺩﺭﻔﻠﻝ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﺨ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﺒ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻭـﻘﺘ ﺔـﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻘﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺎﺒﺴﺎﻨﺘﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ،لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻎﻠﺒﻤ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺎﻤﺯﻠﻤ ﻫ ﻪﺘﻴﺎﺒﺠ ﻥﺃ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺩﻭـﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻔﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲ ﻻﻭ ﺎـﻴﻓﺍﺯﺠ ﺍﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻪﻐﻠﺒﻤ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﻝ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﻴ . ﺏ . ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺸ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘ : ﺔـﻴﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺸ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻭﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺫﻫ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻋ ﺔﺌﻴﻫ ﺭﻴﺴ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻝ ﺔﻬ ﺎـﻤﻨﺇﻭ ﺔـﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔـﻨﻴﺯﺨﻠﻝ ﻪﺠﻭﺘ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺒﺠﺇ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺎﻫﺩﻴﺩﺴﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﺒ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺩﻴﻔﺘﺴﺘ . ﻝﺎـﺒ ﻥـﻜﻝ ،ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺸﻓ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔـﻴﺭﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻔـﺼﻝﺍ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺎـﻬﻨﻤ ﺹﻠﺨﺘـﻝﺍ ﻑـﻠﻜﻤﻠﻝ ﻥـﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﻷ ،ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺸﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻪـﻴﻓ ﺕﺭﻓﻭـﺘ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻬﻌﻓﺩ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ) ﻥﻤﺅـﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺯـﻠﻴ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻥﺎﻤـﻀﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﺘﻗﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ لﺎﺜﻤ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﻼﻤﻋ ﺱﺭﺎﻤﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻫﺩﻴﺩﺴﺘﺒ .( 1 ﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻑﻠﺨ ﻥﺴﺤ ﺢﻴﻠﻓ ،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﻲﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻠﻝ ﺍﺭﺍﺩﺠ ،ﺔﻤﺎ 2008 ، ﺹ : 261 .

ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ

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ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ

ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻭ

1

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ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ

ﻊـﺒﺭﺃ ﺙﻴﻤـﺴ ﻡﺩﺃ ﻊﻀﻭ ،ﻲﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻪﺘـﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻴﻘﺒ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺒ لﻭﻤﻌﻤ ﺕ : ﺃ . ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ : ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻤﻫﺎـﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻤﺯﻠﻤ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤ لﻜ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﺘﻭ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻪﻨﻭﻘﻘﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻱﺃ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺭﺩﻘﻤ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺒﻋﻷﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺩـﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺎـﺴﺭﻜﻤ ﻩﺩﺠﻨﻭ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻑﺭﻌﻤ ﺃﺩﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ . ﺏ . ــــــﻘﻴﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﻥﻴ : ﺎـﻴﻠﺒﻗ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ،ﺓﺩﻴﻜﺃ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻲﻨﻌﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺒﺎـﺴﺤ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻭ ﺎﻬﻀﺭﻓ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ،ﺎﻫﺅﺎﻋﻭ ﺎﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﺎﻬﺒﻨﺍﻭﺠ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﺔﻔﺼﺒﻭ ﻥﺍﻭـﻋﻷﺍ ﺏـﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ لﻤﺘﺤﻤ ﻑﺴﻌﺘ ﻱﺃ ﺏﻨﺠﺘ ﻭﻫ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺼﺤﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺼﺤﺘﺒ ﻥﻴﻔﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ . ﺝ . ﺔــﻤﺀﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ : ﺒﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺩ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻲﻨﻌﺘﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺸﺎ ﺎـﻬﻴﻓ لﺼﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺎﺒ ،ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﺨﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ . ﺩ . ﺩﺎـــﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ : ،ﺕﺎـﻘﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻤ ﺭﺩﻗ ﻰﻨﺩﺄﺒ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ لﻴﺼﺤﺘ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺒﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻝ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀ ﺽﺭﻓ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ .

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ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ

ﺃ . ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ : ﺔـﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔـﻨﻴﺯﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﻤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻑـﻠﺘﺨﻤﺒ ﻡﺎـﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺭﻴﻹﺎﺒ ﻻﺇ ﺔﻴﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ،ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻠﻝ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻥﺎﻤﺯ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺤﻝﺎﺼ ﻰﻘﺒﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ .

يF ا GHIا : (+ی - (ا (یJ#ا .#ا 6 ﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺭﻴﻹﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺯﻠﺘﺴﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝ ﻥـﻤ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺏﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﺩﺤ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻪﻨﺇ ﺕﺘﺒﺜﺃ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻷ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﻉﺎﻁﺘﻗﺍ ﺏﺴﻨ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﺒ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻭﺩﺭﻤ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺄﺸ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ لﺘﻘﺘ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ . ﻲـﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺢـﻀﻭ ﺩﻘﻝﻭ " ﺭـﻓﻻ ﺭـﺜﺭﺁ " ﻼـﺨ ﻥـﻤ ﻙـﻝﺫ ل ﻻ ﺏﻭﺴﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﺤﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻤﺴ " ﺭـﻓﻻ ﻰـﻨﺤﻨﻤ " ﻥﺃ ﻩﺍﻭـﺤﻓ ﻱﺫـﻝﺍﻭ " ﺔﺒﻴﺭـﻀﻝﺍ ﺓﺭـﺜﻜ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ لﺘﻘﺘ "

Trop d'impôt tue l'impôt ." ﻡﻗﺭ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ) 1 ( : ﻓﻻ ﻰﻨﺤﻨﻤ ــ ﺭ LAFFER ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺭﻌﺴﻭ ﻲﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻴﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ لﺩﻌﻤ ﻊﻓﺭ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻨﺤﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﺓﺩ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺭـﻴﻹﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺯﻓﺎـﺤ ﻉﺯـﻨﻴ ﺔﺒﻴﺭـﻀﻝﺍ لﺩﻌﻤ ﻊﻓﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ،ﻰﻨﺤﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻗ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺙﺩـﺤﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺭﻴﻹﺍ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﻥﻴﻝﻭﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺏﺴﻜﻝﺍﻭ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﺤﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ . ﻲﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻴﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ : ﺩﻴﻤﺤ ﺓﺩﻴﺯﻭﺒ ، ﻲﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺤﺘﻭ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺡﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ) 1992 -2004 ( ، ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ،ﺓﺭﻭﺸﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻩﺍﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩ ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﺃ 2006 ﺹ ، : 146 .

ﺏ . ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔـــــﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ : ـﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﺩﻭﺩﺭ ﻰ ﺕﻻﺩـﻌﻤ ﺏـﺴﻨ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻋﻷﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻌﻴﺭﺴ لﻌﻓ ﻙﻭﻠـﺴ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺭﺜﺅﺘﻭ ﻙﻼﻬﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫﺒﻭ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ،ﺭﺎﺨﺩﻻﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫﺒﻭ ﻥﻴﺭﹼﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ . ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﺔﺤﺎﻴﺴﻝﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻗ ﻊﻴﺠﺸﺘﻝ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭﻜ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻡـﺌﺍﺩ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻀﻴﻔﺨﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻋﺇ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺢﻨﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻓﺭﻅ . ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺩﻭﻜﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ لﺠﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﺘﻭ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ لﺩﻌﻤ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻙﻼﻬﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺢﻤـﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻸﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﺒ 1 . ﻥﺃ ﻥـﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻴﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﺠﺘﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﹼﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻁﻗ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﹼﻠﻜ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻴﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ . ﺝ . ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔـــﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻠﻝ : ﻲﺌﺎـﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﻉﺎـﻁﺘﻗﻼﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻕـﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝﻭ ﻊـﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﻴﻫ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﻡﺠﺭﺘﺘ ﻥﻷ ﺔﻴﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ لﻜﺎﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﻴ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﻴﻫ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ . ﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ لﻭﺨﺩ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻝ ﺎﻬﺼﻴﺼﺨﺘﻭ ﺀﺎﻴﻨﻏﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻌﻔﺘﺭﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀ ﺽﺭﻓ ﺔﻝ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﺎﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺔـﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔـﻝﺍﺩﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻔﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ . ﺎـﻤﻜ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﺎﻀﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﻡﻭﺴﺭ ﺽﺭﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻼﻬﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ 2 . 1 ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺼﻨ ﻱﻭﺎﻴﺤﻴ ﻥﻭﻌﺒ

Edition Pages Bleues

، 2010 ﺹ ، : 29 . 2 ،ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺩ ،ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻥﻴﺴﺤ ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ ﻥﻴﺴﺤ 2001 ﺹ ، : 47 .

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ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ

ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ

ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻠﻝ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻡﺘ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻭـﻫ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻤ لﻜﻝ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻅ ﺱﺎـﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺴﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻥﻴﺼﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻪﺒ لﻭﻤﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺎﻫﺩﻴﺩﺴﺘ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺍﺩﻘﻤ ،ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻑﻠﻜﻤ لﻜﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﻓ لﻭﺍﺩﺠ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺤ لـﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻠﻝ ﺊﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﺘ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﻐﺒ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺼﺤﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺴﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﻪﺘﻔﺼ ﻭﺃ ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻝ 1 . ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﺈﻓ ،ﺎﻫﺩﻴﺩﺴﺘﺒ ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺤﺘﻴ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥ ﺎـﻤﻨﺇﻭ ،ﺎﻫﺩﻴﺩـﺴﺘﺒ ﻥﻴﻔﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺘﺎﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰﻘﺒﺘ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺨﺒ ﺔﺒﻴﺭـﻀ ﺩﺩﺼﺒ ﻥﻭﻜﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﺈﻓ ؛ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺤﺘﻴ ﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺩﺩـﺼﺒ ﻥﻭـﻜﻨﻭ ،ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎـﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻭﻫ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻑ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀ . ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻪﺴﺎﺴﺃﻭ ،ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻠﻝ ﺊﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﻴﻭ ﺔـﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲـﻓ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺅﺒﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘﻭ ،ﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﺱﻤﺘ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ لﻭﺍﺩـﺠﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋﻭ ﺎﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺎﻫﺩﻴﺩﺴﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺒﺎﺴﺤ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،ﺔﻨﺴﻝ ﺔـﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﺎـﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺽﺭﻔﺘ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻠﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍﻭ . 1

2

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ﻝﺍ

ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘ

ﻝ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ

ﺭﻀﻠ

ﺌﺍ

ﺏ

ﺃ . لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ : ﻪـﻨﺃ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺍﺩﻘﻨ ﻡﻴﻭﻘﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﻘﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻘﻌﻝﺍ لﺍﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﺘﻴ 1 . ﻥﻴﺭﺎـﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭـﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺽﺭﻔﻝ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ : ﺔﺒﻴﺭـﻀﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻀﻭﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﺭﺜﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻀﻭﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ . ﺏ . لﺨﺩـﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ : ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻴ ﻑـﻠﻜﻤﻠﻝ ﺔـﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺩﺒ ﻡﺠﺭﺘﻴ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ . ﻲﻝﺎـﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﺤﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﻥﻤﻀﻴ 2 . ﻋﻭﻨ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘﻭ ﺎ ﺽﺭـﻔﺘ ﺙـﻴﺤ ،ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺒﺭﺃﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻸﻝ ﻲﻓﺎﺼﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔـﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲـﻓ ﻥﻴﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍ ﺡﺎ ﺔﻴﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ . ﺝ . ﻕﺎﻔﻨﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ : ﻁﻠﺴﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ؛ﻙﻼﻬﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻰﻤﺴﺘﻭ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻊﻓﺩﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ﻕﺎﻔﻨﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀ ﻰﻤﺴﺘ ،ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻻ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺼﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝﻭ ،ﻕﺎﻔﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﺒ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ، ﺔﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻻ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻲﻠﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻴ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻫﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ،ﻊﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻌﺴ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﺠﺎﻤﺩﺇﻭ ﺎﻬﻌﻤﺠﺒ ﻻﺇ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺸﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻠﺴﻠﻝ ﻪﻜﻼﻬﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﺌﺒﻋ لﻤﺤﺘﺒ ﻲﻠﻌﻔﻝﺍ . ﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻥﺴﺤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻀ TVA ﻻﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ لﺴﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻻ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺤ ﻪﻨﻭﻜﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘ ﻑﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺎﺒ ﺭﻀﻴ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﺭﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺽﺭﻔﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﻕﺎﻔﻨﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﺇ ﻡﺘﻴﻭ ﺓﺩﺭﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺤﺘﻴﻭ ﺭﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ . 1 ،ﺔﻤﻭﻫ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓ ،ﺩﺍﺭﻤ ﺭﺼﺎﻨ 2003 ﺹ ، : 99 . 2 ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻴﺴﻭﻝﺍ ،ﻡﻴﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻡﺘﺎﺤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ 1989 ﺹ ، : 65 .

يF ا GHIا : (+ی - (ا (یJ#ا .#ا 10

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ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝ

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ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ

1

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ﺔﺒــــﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺀﺎـﻋﻭ

ﺃ . ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺀﺎــﻋﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻕﺭﻁ : ﻉﻭـﻤﺠﻤ ﻪـﻨﺃ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﻴﺭـﻀﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻋﻭ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﺱﺎـﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﻴﺭـﻀﻠﻝ ﺔﻌـﻀﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺭﻁ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ،ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻠﻝ ﻊﻀﺎﺨﻝﺍ : ﺃ . 1 . ﺒ ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺢــﻴﺭﺼﺘ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺎ : ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺢـﻴﺭﺼﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩـﻨﺘﺴﻴ ﻲـﻓ ﺎـﻬﺒ ﻡﺎـﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭ ﻪـﻠﻴﺨﺍﺩﻤﻭ ﻪـﺘﻭﺭﺜ ﺭﺼﺎﻨـﻌﺒ ﻪــﺘﺍﺫ ﻥﺴﺤ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﺘﻭ ،ﺎﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻋﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﺠﻵﺍ ،ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨ ﻅﺎﻔﺘﺤﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺓﺩﺎـﻀﻤ ﺔـﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻕﺤﺒ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺘﻠﻝ ﺕﺎﺤﻴﺭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺤﺼ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻜﺄ . ﺃ . 2 . ﻲـﻓﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎــﻅﻨﻝﺍ : ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻀﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻲﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻥﺌﺍﺭﻗ ﺱﺎـﺴﺃ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺡﺎﺒﺭﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻥﺄﻜ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ 1 . ﺃ . 3 . ﺭﻴـﻐﻝﺍ ﺢﻴﺭـﺼﺘ : ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻠﻝ ﺔﻌﻀﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺕﺎﺤﻴﺭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻨﺘﺴﻻﺎﺒ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹ ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺹﺨﺸ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﻌﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﺭﺠﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ . ﺃ . 4 . ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺌﺎﻘﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻔﻝﺍ : ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻙﺌﻝﻭﺃ ﺔﺒﻗﺎﻌﻤﻝ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺼ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﺤﻴﺭﺼﺘ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺢﻴﺭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺏﺒﺴ ﻱﻷ ﻥﻭﻌﻨﺘﻤﻴ . ﺏ . ﺴﺤ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺏﺎ : ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻌﻓﺩ ﺏﺠﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻎﻠﺒﻤﻠﻝ ﻕﻴﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﺩﺼﻘﻴ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻘﺒﺴﻤ ﺩﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ لﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻋﻭ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺍﺀﺎـﻔﻋﻹﺍ ﻉﻭـﻤﺠﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺎـﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻥﻴـﻌﺒ ﺫـﺨﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ ،ﻲﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻔﻠﻜﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻑﺭﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﻴﺘﻤﻻﺍﻭ . 1 ﺩﻭﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤ ،ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﺒﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤ ،ﺭﻴﺭﺴﻭﺍ ﺭﻭﻨﻤ ،ﻭﻤﺤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ،ﺩﻭﺍ 2009 ﺹ ، : 38 .

2

.

ﺼﺤﺘ

ــ

لﻴ

ﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ

ـ

ﺔﺒ

ﺃ . ﻲﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ لﻴﺼﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﺠﻭ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ : ﺕﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻉﻭـﻤﺠﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ لﻴﺼﺤﺘﺒ ﺩﺼﻘﻴ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﻴﺭـﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺫ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺩ لﻘﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻠﻝ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺯﺨﻝﺍ 1 . ﻪﻨﺍ ﺫﺇ ﺹﺨـﺸ ﻱﺃ ﺔـﺒﻝﺎﻁﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻴﻹﺍ ﺩﻨﺴ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻻﺇ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺴﺘﺒ ﻪـﻴﻁﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﺯﻴ ﺩﻴﺩـﺴﺘ ﻡﺩـﻋ ﺔـﻝﺎﺤ ﻲـﻓﻭ ،ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻔﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺍﺯﻝﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭـﻨﺃ ﻡـﻫﺃﻭ ،ﻱﺭـﺒﺠﻝﺍ لﻴﺼﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺽﺭﻔﻴ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻵﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺭﻴﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻨﺴ : ﺩﻨـﺴ ،ﻲـﻓﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺩـﻘﻌﻝﺍ ،ﻱﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ،ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭ ،لﻴﺼﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﺢﻴﺭ . ﺏ . ﻲﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ لﻴﺼﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁ : ﻰـﻝﺇ لﻴـﺼﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻨـﺴ لﺎﺴﺭﺈﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ لـﺠﺃﻭ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﻴ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻘﺤﺘﺴﺍ . ﻊﻓﺩـﺒ ﻡﻭـﻘﻴ ﺙـﻴﺤ ، ﻊﻓﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻘﻴﻭ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺀﻭﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺭﻴﺨﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻉﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻵﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺎﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ . 1 ،ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺩ ،ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻱﺯﺭﺤﻤ 2008 ﺹ ، : 256 .

يF ا GHIا : (+ی - (ا (یJ#ا .#ا 12

.Nﺥ

ــــــ

HIا (

ـــــــ

G

ﻲﺴﺘﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺔﻐﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ،لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﻭـﺴ ﺔـﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔـﻴﻤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜﻠﺴﻴﻝ ﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﺔ لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻭ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻓﺭ ﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ،ﺏـﺴﺤﻓ لﺒ ﺎﻀﻴﺃﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻼﻝ ﻲﻬﻴﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﺕﺍﻭﺭﺜﻝﺍ ،لﺨﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻘﺤﻴ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ . ﺔﻴﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺒﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﺒﻭ ﺔﻔﺼ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺩﺩـﻌﺘﻤ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻉﺎﺴﺘﻻﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻨﻭﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﻨﻭﻜﻝ ﺱﻜﻌﻴ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩـﺤ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺫ ، لﺒ ﻲﻫ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃ ﻥﻤﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ . ﻊـﻀﻭﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺎﻘﺒﺴﻤ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺓﺩﻌﻝ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﻡﺘﻴﻭ ﺎـﻤﻴﻓ ﺏﺭﺎـﻘﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺩﺩﻋ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ لﻜ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ ،ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ لﻜﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ . ﺢﻝﺎـﺼﻤ ﻡﻴـﻅﻨﺘ ﻡﺘـﻴ ﻪـﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻌﻓ ،ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﻕﻘﺤﻴﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻭـﺴﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻪـﻨﻤ ﺩﻴﻔﺘـﺴﻴﻭ ،ﻪﻠﻴﺼﺤﺘﻭ ﻲﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻋﻭﻝﺍ ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎـﻤﻜ ،ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀ لﻜ ﺭﺎﺜﺃ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻨﻜﻤﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀ ﻰﻨﺩﺃ لﻤﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ ﻪﻨﻷ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﻡﺘﻬﺘ .

لو%ا ا

ي ,ا-.ا /,$.ا م$&'ا ض 2

لوا GHIا ي6ا?$ا 26+$ا مJ#ا ض 14

ــــــــــــــFـﺕ

ـــــــــ

ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﺇ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻋ ، ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺎـﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺠﺍﺭﺩﺇ ﻡﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ 1991 ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻰﻘﺒﺘ ﻜ ﻜ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﺎﻬﻨﻭ ﺔـﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺔﻴﻤﺘﺤ ﺴﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻜﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﺕ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻲﻨﺒﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﻭﺴﻷﺍ ﺢﺘﻓ ﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻕ ، ﺠﻭ ﺍﺫﻝ ﺏ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻲﺌﺎﺒﺠ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺭﺍﺩﺼﺇ ﻡﺀﻼﺘﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺠ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻗ ﺔـﺼﺼﻭﺨﻭ ﺭـﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎـﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺠـﺸﺘﻭ ﺭﻴﻭـﻁﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺒﺎﺠﻴﻻﺍ ﺭﺜﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ . ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ : ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻲﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺇ ؛ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ -؛ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻔﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﻁﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻔﺨﺘ -ﻥﻴﻌﻀﺎﺨﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘ . ﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﺘ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ ﺫﺎـﺨﺘﺍ لﻼـﺨ ﻥـﻤ لـﻀﻓﺃ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺎﺒﺠ ﺓ ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﻴﻭﻝﻭﺃ ﺢﺒﺼﺘ ﻲﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻴﻠﺠ ﺭﻬﻅﻴ ،ﺓﺩﻴﺸﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺱـﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺒ ﺔﻁﺎﺤﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻊﻀﺨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﻷﺍ . ﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺞﻝﺎﻌﻨﺴﻭ ﺔﻴﻝ : ؛لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﺴﺭﻝﺍ -ﺢﺒﺭﻝﺍﻭ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ .

لوا L+ـا

ـا

ـــــــ

- م

ـــــ

'ر R

ـــــ

 ا )

ـــــ

لـ

لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤـﻝﺍ

:

ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ

ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻪﺒﺎـﺴﺤ ﻡﺘـﻴﻭ ﺓﺭـﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﺭـﻀ ﻲـﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎـﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻕﻘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ ﻙﻝﺫـﻝ ، ﻪـﻝ ﻊـﻀﺨﺘ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻘﺤﺘ ﻕ ﺓﺭﺎﺴﺨ ﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔ ﺢـﺒﺭ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ، ﻡـﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﺈـﻓ ﻡـﺜ ﻥـﻤﻭ ﺎـﻬﻘﻘﺤﺘ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻌﻴﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺎـﺴﺃ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻕﺤﺘـﺴﻴ ﻡـﺴﺭ ﻭـﻫ ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﻘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻠﻝ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺇ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ . 1 .

ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ لﺎﺠﻤ

ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻕﺤﺘﺴﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﺒ ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻁ 1 : ﺔـﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻭﻔﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻘﻘﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺠﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺭﻴﻹﺍ ﹰﺎﻴﻨﻬﻤ ﹰﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻥﻭﺴﺭﺎﻤﻴﻭ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﻲـﻓ ﻲﻝﺎـﻤﺠﻹﺍ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻠﻝ ﻪﺤﺎﺒﺭﺃ ﻊﻀﺨﺘ ؛ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺡﺎﺒﺭﻷﺍ ﻑﻨﺼ ﻤﻴ ﻥﻴﺫـﻝﺍ ،ﺔﺒﻴﺭـﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻔﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻘﺤﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ﻥﻭـﺴﺭﺎ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨـﺼﻝﺍ ﺡﺎـﺒﺭﻷﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﻲﻝﺎـﻤﺠﻹﺍ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻠﻝ ﻪﺤﺎﺒﺭﺃ ﻊﻀﺨﺘ ﹰﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺭﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍﻭ .

لوا GHIا ي6ا?$ا 26+$ا مJ#ا ض 16 2 .

ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﻌﻤﻭ ﻊﻀﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ

ﺃ . ﻊﻀﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ) ﻲﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻋﻭﻝﺍ :( ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻠﻝ ﻊﻀﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴ ﻎﻠﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻺﻝ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﺠﻹ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺭﻴ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﻥﻴﻌﻀﺎﺨﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻕﻘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ . ﺎـﻤ ﺏﺴﺤﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺹﻨﺘ 219 ﻥـﻤ لﺎـﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ﺩﻴﻔﺘﺴﻴ ،ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺏﺴﻨﺒ ﺕﺎﻀﻴﻔﺨﺘ : -ﺭﺩﻗ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘ ﻩ 30 % ﺎﺒ ﻊﻴﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻊﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﺘﺸﻴ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﺯﺠﺘﻝ ﻥﻋ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﺒ ﺭﻌﺴ 50 % ﻥﻤ ؛ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ -ﺭﺩﻗ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘ ﻩ 50 % ﺭﻌﺴ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻊﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﺌﺯﺠﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﺒ 50 % ﻥﻤ ﺔﺌﺯﺠﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻊﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ؛ ﺔﻴﻭﺩﻸﻝ -ﺭﺩﻗ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘ ﻩ 75 % ﻤﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﺎـﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎـﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺯـﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺔـﺌﺯﺠﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻊـﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠ ؛ﺕﻭﺯﺎﻤﻝﺍﻭ -ﺭﺩﻗ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘ ﻩ 30 . % ﻡـﻬﻝ ﻥﻴﺫـﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﺯﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺠﺘ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥـﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﻨﺴﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺀﺍﺩﻬﺸﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﺭﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺵﻴﺠ ﻭﻀﻋ ﺔﻔﺼ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝ ﻡﻬﻋﻭﻀﺨ ﻁﺭﺘﺸﻴﻭ ،ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ . ﺏ . ﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﻌﻤ ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝ : ﻥﻤ لﻼﺨ ﺔﻨـﺴﻝ ﻲﻠﻴﻤﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ 2001 ، ﺘ ﻡﺘ ﻔﺨ ﻴ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ لﺩﻌﻤ ﺽ 2,55 % ﻰـﻝﺇ 2 % ، ﻭ ﻊﻀﺨﻴ ﻝ ﺕﺎـﻌﻴﺒﻤﻝﺍ لﺩـﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻝ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻠﻴﺼﺤ ﻉﺯﻭﹸﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺔﻘﻘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ : ﻡﻗﺭ لﻭﺩﺠ ) 1 :( ﺎﺼﻝ ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ لﺩﻌﻤ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺢﻝ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺤ ﺔﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺤ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ 2% 0,11% 1,30% 0,59% لﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ : ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ 222 ﺔﻠﺜﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﺴﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺌﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻥﻤ

3 .

ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻋﻹﺍ

ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻋﺇ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻲﺒﻴﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺢﻨﻤ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻤﺘ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻋﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ ،ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ : -؛ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺯﺨ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻋﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ -؛ﺭﻴﺩﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ -ﻴﺩﻴﻔﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﻤﺜﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺯﺠﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻴﺒﻤ ﻥ ﻋﺩﻝ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺩﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡ ؛ﺓﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﺓﺩﻤﻝ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ لﻴﻐﺸﺘ -ﻴﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻓﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺯﺠﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻴﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻎﻠﺒﻤ ﻥ ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ .

ﻲـﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤـﻝﺍ

:

ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤـﻝﺍ ﺔـﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡـﺴﺭﻝﺍ

ﻴ ﺃ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌ ﺃ ﺩﺤ ﻨﻋ ﻡﻫ ﺎ ﻲﺌﺎـﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎـﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺡﻼـﺼﺇ ﺭﺼ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ 65 ﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺔ ﺔﻨﺴﻝ 1991 ﺭﺨﺄﺘﻭ ، ﺒﻁﺘ ﻴﻘ ﺎﻬ ﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺢﺘﺎﻔ ﺃ لﻴﺭﻓ 1992 ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺕﻻﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﻨ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻨﺴﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ 1992 1 . لﺎﺨﺩﺇ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭـﺜ ﻱﺭـﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎـﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻡـﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻴﻝﺁ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﺈﺒ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ لﻭﻌﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺴﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ﺔﻴﺎﺒﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻭ ،ﻲﻌﻴﻤﺠﺘ ﺎﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻴﺴﻻ لﻤﺸﻴﻝ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘ ﻊﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻊﻴﺒ 2 . 1 ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ 91 -25 ﻲﻓ ﻰﻀﻤﻤ 18 ﺭﺒﻤﺴﻴﺩ 1991 ﺔﻨﺴﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻴ 1992 . ﻡﻗﺭ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠ 65 ﻲـﻓ ﺔﺨﺭﺅﻤ 18 ﺭﺒﻤـﺴﻴﺩ 1991 ، ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻝﺍ 2440 . 2

لوا GHIا ي6ا?$ا 26+$ا مJ#ا ض 18 1 .

ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ لﺎﺠﻤ

ﺃ . ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻠﻝ ﺔﻌﻀﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ : ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺇ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ : -ﺔﻌﻀﺎﺨ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ،ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻠﻝ ﹰﺎﺒﻭﺠﻭ -ﻭﺃ ﻌﻀﺎﺨ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﹰﺎﻴﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ . ﺃ . 1 . ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻠﻝ ﹰﺎﺒﻭﺠﻭ ﺔﻌﻀﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ : ﻡـﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻕﺤﺘﺴﻴ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﺍﺯﻝﺇ ﺔﻔﺼﺒﻭ ﺎﺒﻭﺠﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ : ﺒ ﻡﻭـﻘﻴ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻠـﺴﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎـﻌﻴﺒﻤﻝﺎﻜ ﻊﻠﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭـﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎـﻬ ﻭﺩﺭﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥ ؛ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺠﺘﻭ ،ﻱﺭﺎـﺠﺘﻝﺍ لـﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻘﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﻐﺸﻷﺎﻜ ﺭﺎﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﺒ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ؛ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ -؛ﺕﺍﺫﻠﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻠﺴﺘﻝﺍ -ﻭ ﻊﺌﺎﻀﺒﻝﺍ لﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺯﺠﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍ ؛ﻥﻴﻤﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻭ ﺃ . 2 . ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻠﻝ ﹰﺎﻴﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺔﻌﻀﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ : ﺹﺎﺨـﺸﻸﻝ ﺯﻭـﺠﻴ ﻴﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻥ ﻥﺃ ،ﻡـﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻕـﻴﺒﻁﺘ لﺎـﺠﻤ ﺝﺭﺎـﺨ ﻡﻬﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻊﻘﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺢﻴﺭﺼﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻭ ،ﺍﻭﺭﺎﺘﺨﻴ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻔﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺼ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﻻ ، ﺔـﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻭﺃ ﻊﻠﺴﺒ ﺍﻭﺩﻭﺯﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ 1 : 1 ﺔﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻋﻭﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻙﻼﻤﺃ ،ﻙﺭﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺸ ،ﺔﻴﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ،ﻰﺴﻴﻋ ﻥﺒ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ، Megasoft ، 2003 ﺹ ، : 152 .

-؛ﺭﻴﺩﺼﺘﻠﻝ -؛ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺭﺘﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻝﺍ -ﺴﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻔﻠﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻡ ؛ﻥﻴﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻔﻋﻹﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ 42 ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ . ﺏ . ﺓﺎﻔﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ : ﻌﺒﻝ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﺃ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻋﻹﺍ ﺢﻨﻤﹸﺘ ﻊـﻓﺩ ﻥـﻤ ﺕﺎـﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺽ ،ﻡـﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺎﻫﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ 1 . ﺏ . 1 . ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ : ﺎﻜ ﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﻐﺸﻷ ﺔ ﺙـﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺏـﻴﻘﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁـﺸﻨﺄﺒ ﻼﻐﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ل ﻊﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﻘﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻝ ﺏﻴﺒﺎﻨﻷﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺏﺎﺴﺤﻝ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺯﺠﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﺭﺤﻤﻠ ؛ﻙﺍﺭﻁﺎﻨﻭﺴ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺏ . 2 . ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ : ﻙﻼﻬﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ) ﺢﻤﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺏﻴﻠﺤﻝﺍ ،ﺯﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﻝﺍ ( ﺍﺭﺎﻴـﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻲـﺤﺒﺭ ﻑﺩـﻫ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻥﺎـﺠﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﺒﺠﻭ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻝ ﻡﻋﺎﻁﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻭﺩﻷﺍ ، ﺕ ؛ﻥﻴﺒﻭﻁﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺏ . 3 . ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ : ﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺎﻅﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺕﻼـﻔﺤﻝﺍ لﻜ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻔﺼﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻔ ﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ . 1

لوا GHIا ي6ا?$ا 26+$ا مJ#ا ض 20 2 .

ﻻﺩﻌﻤﻭ ﻊﻀﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ

ﺕ

ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ

ﺃ .

ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ

ﻊﻀﺎﺨﻝﺍ

ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻠﻝ

: ﻊـﻀﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﺎـﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻴ ،ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻎﻝﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ لﻜ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻠﻝ ـﺠﺃ ﻥـﻤﻭ ـ ل ﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ـ ﻭﺃ لﺎﻐﺸﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻊﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒﻻ ﻡﺴﺭﻠﻝ ﻊﻀﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﺎ ﺎﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻴ 1 : ؛ﻑﻴﺭﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ لﻜ -ﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻡﻭﺴﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺀ ؛ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ -ﺔﻘﺤﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﻭﺒﻘﻤﻝﺍ . ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺡﺭﻁﻴﻭ ﻊﻀﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻠـﺴﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺘﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺍﻭﺘﺤﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻥﺌﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ : -ﺍ ؛ﺔﺤﻭﻨﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﺠﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﺴﺤﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻀﻴﻔﺨﺘﻝ -؛ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺼﺨﻝﺍ -؛ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤ -؛ﻥﻭﺒﺯﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺤ ﻡﺜ ﺩﺭﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺩﺴ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ لﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﺼﻤ -ﻥﺎﻤﺄﻜ ﺔﻠﺴﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻏﻷﺍ . ﺃ .

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ﻻﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ

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ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ

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ﻥﻭﻨﺎـﻗ ﺏﺴﺤ ،ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﻌﻤ ﻑﻨﺼﺘ ﺔﻨﺴﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ 2001 2 ، ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻴﻔﻨﺼ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻤﻫ : ﻴﻭ ،ﺽﻔﺨﻤﻝﺍ لﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﺤ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺒ 7 % ؛ ﻭ ،ﻱﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﺤﻴﻭ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺒ 17 .% ﻭ ﻡﺘ ﺩﻗ ،ﺭﺼﺤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﻌﻀﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻝ لﺩﻌﻤﻠ ﺽﻔﺨﻤﻝﺍ 7 % ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ 23 ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻗﺎﺒ ﺎﻤﺃ ،لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻥﻤ لﺩﻌﻤﻝ ﻊﻀﺨﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺈﻓ ،ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ 17 % . 1 ﺝ ،ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻝﺩﻠﻝ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﺔﻘﻤﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘ ،ﺔﻌﻤﺠ ﻡﺍﻭﻫ 1 ،ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺩ ، 2000 ﺹ ، : 136 . 2 ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ 2000 -06 ﻲﻓ ﻰﻀﻤﻤ 23 ﺭﺒﻤﺴﻴﺩ 2000 . ﻡﻗﺭ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠ 80 ﻲﻓ ﺔﺨﺭﺅﻤ 24 ﺭﺒﻤﺴﻴﺩ 2000 ﺹ ، : 3 . ﺹﻨﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ 21 ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻨﻤ " : ﻪﺘﺒﺴﻨ ﻱﺩﺎﻋ لﺩﻌﻤﺒ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ لﺼﺤﻴ 17 % " ﺹﻨﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ 23 ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻨﻤ " : ـﺒ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭﻠﻝ ﺽﻔﺨﻤﻝﺍ لﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﺤﻴ 7 % "...