• Aucun résultat trouvé

Qu'est-ce qui fait SCIENCE dans SCIENCE de l'INFORMATION ?

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Qu'est-ce qui fait SCIENCE dans SCIENCE de l'INFORMATION ?"

Copied!
11
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)Qu’est-ce qui fait SCIENCE dans SCIENCE de l’INFORMATION ? Yves-François Le Coadic. To cite this version: Yves-François Le Coadic. Qu’est-ce qui fait SCIENCE dans SCIENCE de l’INFORMATION ?. 2006. �sic_00067969�. HAL Id: sic_00067969 https://archivesic.ccsd.cnrs.fr/sic_00067969 Preprint submitted on 9 May 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) Qu’est-ce qui fait SCIENCE dans SCIENCE de l’INFORMATION ?.  

(3) !#"%$& '%!( *)+,

(4)  -02-.1 -3547-.6#--1 -.--/-.---.--/-.---.--/-.---.--/-.---.--/-.-/---.--.---.-/--.-8.9;:=<+>@?BAC#DFE<+DG@9;:=<HIDJEKD LM<&<ND E@O ?P>@?JHID<NOFLI? E@OQ?>@?HSRTLUE@VSW9;XPDZY[LUW@E@\]<NWE%<^Y[D&Y`_,Y+<;OaLU? EbYLUVLIc=_d?B9;?=<SY[? O W@E=Y[?=<SY[e=f8WK_K9HI?g>@eFV[? E@>,9;?Q\hE@W,_7<9;?aG@9N?aE@W@E<i>7RTDajW@9;>!_E@?#O W,_9MY[?g>@e VSLUEkLlY[LUW@Em>@?HIDn<oOFLI? E@OQ?JY[?FHUHp? c=_.RI?FHIHI?g?K<SYqD O O ?aG,Y[eQ?g?aEmeaGkL`<SY[eFXrWkHUW@skLU?tfu87_dLM<N\hE@W,_7<iHSRTDaG@GHTLIc=_dW@Ek<2vgHTDn<;O LI? E@Ob?g>@?gH^R`LUE@VSW@9 XPDZY[LUWkE GW,_9i>@eaXwW@E=YS9;?a9ic=_d?gOQ?xYIY[?g>@?a9E@LU:a9N?9;eaGW@E@>%vgO ?ZY`Y[?P>@eFVSLUE@LlY[LUWkEfyzY{EKWK_7<|Y[?a9XwLUE@WEk<i? EnG@9;eQOFL`<oD E=Y HSR`?=<[GD=OQ?J>@?wO W@E@E@D L`<&<;D EKO ?w>@?JHID<NOFLI? E@OQ?J}[DZ_~<;LUE@s,_dHTLp?a9+>@?BH^RIL€E@VSW@9;XPDZYLWE#c=_d?wE@W,_7<+O WX2GDa9;W@Ek<qv O ? Hl_dL>@?b<*<;O LI? EO ?=<z}D&_GHl_9;LI? H‚z>@?ƒHIDO W@XwXB_E@LIO DZY[LUW@E7f r„„„[† „^3;„‡;„[ˆ„^„‰@„SŠa„„‡ ‹P? Da9;H‚Œ#ACŒ? Da95<+D VTY[?a9*YSŽK?rjLU9^YSŽ#WkV*LUEVSW9;XwD&YLUW@E%<;O L`?aEKOb? \LlY;<<;O LI? E=Y[LUVLIO<^Y[D&Y`_,Y[?B9;?aXwD LUE<q>L`<G,_@Y[?Q>f zW>@?aVS? EK>‘LlY[\h’r?Y[Da“?nD%<Ž@W@9`Y2>@?aV^LUELlY[LUWkE”W@Vw<;O LI?FEOQ?•<^_dO Ž”D,<wLlY2L`<wD OQO ?aG,Y[? >”LUE–?aGkL`<SY[?FXrWkHUW@sŒdf /Ž@? E@\,’w?DG@GkHUŒL—Y˜YMWJLUE@VSW@9 XPDZYSLWEg<;O LI? E@Ob?™YSWg<ŽKWK’šY`Ž@D&Y/LlYDaE<S’w?a9o<YSŽ@L`<z>@? VLUEkLlY[LUWkEdf=›iE@>’P?VSL€EL`<5Ž j@Œm<G?bO L€VSŒL€E@s#YSŽ@?<[GD O ?PWkV*“@E@W,’wHI? >,s?PWV|LUE@VSW9;XPDZYSLUWE•<NOFLI? E@Ob?P} <;LUE,s,_dHTD9D E@>O WX2GDa9N?LlY*’wLlYSŽ YSŽ@D&[email protected] WkXwXB_E@LIO DZY[LUW@E<;O LI? E@O ?,<z}SGkHl_9NDFHœ&f.

(5) Introduction. )*

(6) è    z .

(7) è  S kbQ k . S  kS  .  `

(8)  x˜

(9)  –;S˜” oN5S.

(10) kFK

(11) ”, *

(12) @

(13) Qu  ’;    kS@ N o" ! 

(14) # N$uN# )+ 7é

(15) ;&' . zQ )(S$.  ^*

(16)  "7

(17) +  ! /Q& -,.// ˜.éK

(18) –% ;"0% S@ N o"!  n;"& Q @S1  ˜   2S4  3b 7

(19)   M]k  M& ;,

(20) & N/5  %   ˜&.u

(21) , ]um  S0 ; 56 ! u7  8  /z%9  :zm; 7

(22) %; &z'

(23) =<5S1 

(24) ˜ ! >   (z,  ! u 

(25) ? `

(26)  x˜

(27) – ;˜z@   0

(28)   <A/  Su .u ukbQ  u%  S@ N o" ! B  /

(29) Z  C ;@ DE  uG Fu#

(30) Hu@ D S

(31)  ! /@  u

(32)  I<K

(33) Z  kJ  z'

(34) N0 {K ˜L

(35) M  –MK

(36)  <7N .B Sn  S@

(37)  # O 6? MG  h 

(38) S    "? `

(39)  x˜

(40) – ;˜ % )+ .

(41) o˜

(42) –,

(43) S˜P 

(44)  oba[˜1 Q  . 'R[M  &u

(45) ‘ N˜   .u ,z " F/1 ‘0 5   .u .// S< 

(46) ? @hQk6 Fu ‘0 %@  kS  k4  .T  6? M  &˜

(47) – ;[˜  / N0 U.zV  S <; (

(48) Sb  –0 o 

(49) ? z " F/1 ‘0  K 0<

(50) S 7

(51) "•u <5! /C ]u .

(52) 5 A/@K

(53) A‘Q˜0 ibQ k <uW ,)X .// S< % PuP% ,zQk" F –& 5#Q˜0  ,$  

(54) k`Y  

(55) ?  

(56) z,

(57) [ Z

(58) \  @h  S9  <; (^bQ ‘0 59  

(59) ? z " Fz ‘0  Q1 u  .kT

(60)  % (  "FK

(61) <]k1 S S+    kC ^` ^ R[E  z!Q7   S1 +  ,zP S)  ˜  k@'

(62) _.u ˜  kC S`z P1 @ " F/ 5[` N5 a! / / z /  z/ ˜z  z %  @3b #

(63) 

(64) ? Ab  

(65) ? . zQ )(S . k˜./=FK  u  kS0 ; 56 ! /  Nu `<k@ &@ Sn" F/ 5[` N5 ! /g/ zi/ 5 ˜zJ zw  S  7  c.

(66) I - Commençons par donner une définition de la science.. 7R[ . 5NM:`< Q&kS1S <;

(67)  MG<k.z@

(68)  uGC;S˜z A/Nu

(69) 6! / mQkS/ <5k/ ”6! u %`z w N5=<S<S  , kS "7

(70) Z>_SV

(71) Az ! i-  <,1 S ] –@%  +SQk<`<‘` z^

(72) S5[ 2 

(73) Az ! –ui <k”586? @

(74) H@/1 ‘ 9  k ;  & k <S< % ,

(75) 'NkM+. Q (/

(76) Z A% ˜”- o˜

(77)  <š  7

(78) .uU; )* .  S@

(79)  !`  &<]  0 NuQ   + –V  S  A ”[> ^S)  (zS [

(80)  F˜S %  N Q&<S<–MG hS

(81) S1 ,/C .(zQM 

(82) ?   z `H   .

(83) 

(84)    ;S˜ !>.  // z,K

(85) – N    SC N ;S N @3b 7

(86) a  ,

(87) QbQK0 N    S  "

(88) Z % J  S2  <,1 S ] –0  .  k N /

(89) &   ;[˜ `  z ^

(90) S1 S‘

(91) Z  kC B  <5kbQkT

(92)     S  V  !/_ <6

(93)   SP /

(94) > .

(95)  <`<uP 

(96) AzQ ! / 2> ( 3= 5 "7

(97) 1 2  S ‘ M  

(98) ? 5 NS˜+  .uM o˜K

(99) uM P S/ ".

(100)    +

(101) ' i=  %  "!$#%&(')*,+.-,/.-0$1 +2!34567$/8+."!99:;')+2!90<1 ="!>')*,+.;!>*,@?=+%- /=A0+. )'CBD5EBF5E+.-,/.-;'G0$HI1 +J!KAL567>/.+! "/)'CBD5M*,)'E')='G0$N'M * "!')/5O=L* /+!$#90P'; *,A7="!>+*/.+A!,/$0$Q'R"!="';TSU"V&W. 1) La science est une connaissance. "mEB]M0 !

(102) SUk˜.kb @

(103) • kS0; 56! n#q  )([(SE,ESU˜kbQ k  Uz`

(104)  ! /   + )]>w  S4˜]kbQK T o˜

(105) &<k K7

(106) +'R[0<,

(107) [ k : + 8<S; G <k  + 8<1S N ‘0  % %   ,z +z,

(108) K &˜ K

(109) &

(110) Z˜

(111) < MS    (S([$,  % ukbQ  W  N1 A] S

(112)  F˜6 !  X % 2) Mais, c’est une connaissance objective ihQ ](S  R6<˜

(113) 5<    z SH ‘u Z6Y <@/˜ 5<u@QS ˜kbQ k.  S0; o"! 

(114) K<z˜  ,T.u ,

(115) CSH,

(116)   1S:`< 7 K

(117) C`HK

(118) Zu .  <K

(119) C`< % Pu .& [0z  ,

(120) CSH,

(121) w 0| UN &^,]\S

(122) g`

(123) &<] &5M.WN>0N!.

(124) K<5kS;S˜–;0( 3=5 NM 7R[, k4.& ˜CNS˜h ! / S  @S k z&)/

(125) #<N u

(126) Z$, 'R[> ([3b5 ;`// % `<  >(&;@/T

(127) U'R[51u

(128) #G_Sk˜zQz;z]. Sk + +]0S<  kS0; 56 ! V  

(129) /@ i  .

(130) % W, –;.

(131) -!> Sn S !/ )/

(132) KH Fu S-k

(133) '*wQ@S1"&.BSnQ k <S< N  N#K& ; HK

(134) Z % n  [

(135)  S

(136) kC  K

(137) Z1`<K

(138) ;6!  ! / ]]bbS˜kbQ,

(139)   kS0; 56! ,b ukbQ $k + ]//  ! ^R[1S – _^ .

(140) $.u k

(141) o  kS0; 56! / `. LE COADIC Y.F. - La science de l’information - 3ème édition -Que sais-je? n°2873 - P.U.F., Paris, 2004 a Les développements qui suivent sont empruntés à l’ouvrage de : BARTHOLY M.C., DESPIN J.P., GRANDPIERRE G. - La science - Épistémologie générale Magnard, Paris-1990.

(142) M]! N!  o˜0O S-k]kb , kn S@[ o"! B./-˜kbQ k#>( 3=5NM %. 3) La science étudie des phénomènes. TNK

(143)   /\&<uQ"F/T]u9Su9Az/Quš [u okCo N19! ^R/a

(144)  o]Tz0+S >( QK

(145) o/@

(146) #0N ˜

(147) BV//J –E.uQAz/ >  okCoQ<1 oM@ ^

(148) <@DSb <Pz,

(149) PS A/,K

(150) A/ 

(151) B  @SN o! z %. 4) La science établit des relations universelles et nécessaires. 2n S k!6Fu]u

(152) Z Su kJz,

(153) ';

(154) S,

(155) 2™•RST&S<,

(156) b -! ^R[&)

(157) A < HN! ™Q 

(158) Z   @ ^N  3= .

(159)  .z= ˜ C;˜z <oK

(160)  MG<k i

(161) Z1S;S˜z <N(S[ur0^

(162) Q 'R[ z,

(163) / ;S˜   

(164) A <] H  Su ˜

(165) CN˜z ! /% aS o˜ &z,

(166) Z[

(167)   ˜0  <1=Q@M

(168) Zu9   Q,hQ  ! +  S 

(169) A < +H@/”/)  z  _zg z# &z

(170) Z Z

(171) Z8  S˜

(172) Q !  S k˜  C ;[˜z Qš &z,

(173) : NS˜ Q˜ iK

(174) </[ % i•

(175) Z1 S NS˜šk`hQJ &<F7 F0<k ]˜'

(176) N8  S   . S*  kS0 ; 56 ! / % 5) Mais, ATTENTION, la science doit s’affirmer contre deux réalités. )+ 7

(177) ” )z/QK

(178) –Q <5k okC`<> S  kS 4C%R[1 * 5`

(179)  –

(180) ˜ S

(181) 4.

(182) #<k1S/S<_ ukbQ   + ).z'R[zMS˜”^S-kkbQ kP ozb 0S ozbQ  @S k $  o &-.˜]

(183) ,.'R[ zM˜ S Qz ORS6 <

(184) Q  % ƒ  @S  4  CQ˜  o  3= % .

(185)   )(z ^

(186) Z 'R[ <d S

(187)  F˜S J   1 S  ] 0  / N

(188) ! ^R[  /

(189) /  OR/.

(190) 0

(191) "7

(192) Q % </ S< – [

(193)  F˜ ! z%,1 U'R[> z`/S˜    ni " % ( @= ,h= S!K

(194) <1 SC S<

(195) 'R[> z`/[˜ NK0 N .

(196) Z1 ˜  ! 

(197) <@

(198) T_

(199) SW NK

(200) &

(201) Zk`+  ! ^R[ S# z,

(202) >  U

(203) Z 5/ ^. S  @S  k %  &  Q, S4  o z=Q  kS  >   R[ P  < ; F7ST  , (]uQ

(204) 5 ^6 F˜S zQ   * ;6 !   R[u + z=

(205)  n < 

(206)  F7SE  ,B(]uQB ]K

(207) Zu  @SK& ; o ! >  "A" !  % 7

(208)  !  SP 

(209) 1 

(210) z .  o zbQu  kS  u Q K

(211) <5 //  , .z  0S: N ;S˜ . S K#

(212) <1/ (z SC *< 0(S" !  5 

(213)  S

(214)  F7S>   0^

(215) Z` NK

(216) &

(217) Zu S

(218) @  ;S Q1 ˜   ]]Q . 

(219) Z> (H1 – </ S< – [

(220)  F˜ ! z  Fk

(221) @/

(222)  Dk5 :   <1 o 0W <"A .  @S N o" !  ˜ 3 F< ,   Uz`

(223) ; –g/  % II - Continuons par la science de l’information.. 7R[ . 5NM:`< Q&kS1S <;

(224)  MG<k.z@

(225)  uGC;S˜z A/Nu

(226) 6! / mQkS/ <5k/ ”6! u P + –n/ z='R[˜z=<*3 ,U/'

(227) S~Q<`<U 6? `

(228) &˜

(229)  ‘N˜  (zQ^ % ! P<" S S)

(230) Z>/

(231) <S<.."? `

(232) x˜

(233)  –;˜ -S)

(234) ZubKh8 Q 

(235) ?   @S k4 uz 

(236)  ;S˜  &. Q-k ] )z;S˜ ^. Q)zQF7 %. A.

(237) 1) La science de l’information construit des connaissances scientifiques.. 2  @S k  'R[M &

(238) ; ‘;S˜  <A

(239) S  k˜

(240) Z (z    ˜kbQ k  Uz`

(241) ! / A <,

(242) :`<uYSb(/C(S"A <1˜ –S \. S2& ‘N;S˜9 +z  <1˜ \. 'R[,

(243) KAM;;!     3b 7

(244) &/5^ ‘> k˜./=Q, k2! / Q < 5`/;bQK&  ]K

(245) _SJ(z 7Mzi + 8<1So2& ! /5B5S

(246) K<z˜ 0 . ]+,5E ') 56A!SU 0A!L' 0$;' 56!'. ( @  1S  55 ]< .u k˜.kb , k  kS@ N o"!  ! /  R[˜0 z OR[  ^;˜z / + <5SNu '” )(.

(247) zQu Qu0  3, 7

(248) K RA&/ S <

(249) ZNS˜* .

(250)  ‘0  `0 ;1S5"1Su ! /%  Q˜04S 5[,

(251) '*< . S k + ).z&S< ‘˜S1S  A/,K

(252) A/ 

(253) 2 ^.u2,z @6 FuoMn S, k- 'RS`

(254) x˜

(255)  –;S˜ % 2) La science de l’information construit des connaissances scientifiques objectives 2‘ kS@

(256) ).8'RS`

(257) x˜

(258)  –;S˜ –2 ^ 7

(259) ZV.uWk k

(260) 5# kS0; 56! u ./`z&! /. >! T x˜0\. S  ˜kbQ,

(261) b/

(262)  C; ˜kbQ   ([3b1;`/ % 'R[ ]S   ˜

(263) O-k + ]z;S˜ %. )*

(264) Z˜*.  4 !'  4!4SUTSU ')* +;!>/+ +&?$=L 0$  ')* +)! *  0  +J!K567/.+!# . *,A7="!>+*/.+A! ;')/ =! * "!>*,KBF/ ?$=L+ 0-)')+ S !>="!]BD5E*,;'O')="' 'RL* +&$ ?$=L+Z' -,/.;!$0. /.L='G)'G,/.5E;' >=47$+2!'M#('),=;!>/ ,=

(265) 7$+2' /.L='M#(') !  ?$=L    -,* A!4S  0  +2!3L567$/+."! ')=5 =! ')= A,/Q0$"!$!>- *,!$0=+2'MA!>/ ="! B $5E/&4SU0> '))!L' 'R4"$+/>)!

(266)  //&A!>/>)'BD,5')!! )' )! * "!$/&$*,/&#>)! +J! /.,56$*,/.+! W. "m,z S SF7F7  7

(267) &  ,z S  @S u  S  + )./6k;[˜ S  + )";˜ R[ ^6!   ˜

(268) '*mzb N(/S ! ^R[&u/

(269) Com P )/

(270) Q  + – S

(271) z z˜

(272) *'  * z [˜ S

(273) z;  tS˜ P?  . ;,

(274) K – T

(275) 5

(276) /;0* % `

(277) ZkQ )(S ([  o 

(278) o

(279)  ; 0*U o 

(280) Zu < ”@;!  b6? ˜ 

(281) Z $.S

(282) k`z@U `<<F

(283)  

(284) Au@ M+  A Zu  S<5</QS˜ M.uU  z C oFk

(285)  &z9

(286) Z k˜0S

(287) 2` %  6? ˜  

(288) 1 S ;S˜z 

(289) 0(S" !   &

(290) 5 S [˜z A

(291) k`z  zbQK0 4z,$

(292) S

(293) 5 S ;S˜z ;5 A./ ! u 5@ [

(294)  

(295) QuW ]  k + ]//  N˜  k +  bQS˜  ;S˜1 S]  )  S  + )"  ;˜   r'    + ).z"  Nh@   ` % % P ) –  S  C    ok˜ ,

(296)  ˜

(297) +  :z% (

(298) 0&; tK]5 S  .‘( $5+'•  5i Q˜   ^o 0P# rMG 1:z7  z N  * ^C `<

(299)  "7

(300)  .

(301) A/ []Q> 

(302) AS>  ,'

(303) o@  /˜ QKz ! 1 !  ;  A   kS  k z/C ;M]u "%   

(304) QN  <N1 S>   ! / ˜

(305) Z1  7

(306) Q,0  ; zM SuwQK`

(307) 2  (.

(308) Q / S& ^S 7

(309) b % u0 o 7

(310)  SuQ k + ]//6 k0  %.

(311) 3) La science informationnels. de. l’information. étudie. les. phénomènes. 2 S@

(312) ++'R[M 5˜

(313)  ‘N˜9<" S+-AhQ#>9.uW 5:o-<5 5`/@ S

(314) <u@O1Sub < z,J

(315) S A,K

(316) A .

(317) B  S@ N o" ! . . ! !  -,/.=40>+. B 4')' *,/.,=5' 0$ +:+.L/ ?=7$/+!$.$=)' $=40$+/.,=5'  0$9&  0+.9+ ="'R+! 5E/.=,S +J')$+2'  =A'M"S 56# 9.,*,/.,=56#  =A0$+/ =L5 # . ,+J')+/.,=56#> /- -;'[BF *,/&$/ =L56W. 4) La science de l’information établit des relations universelles et nécessaires, des lois scientifiques..   + ‘ N N S  kCS`z  ‘>"A <;6!>u `] 

(318) M]0.6? <N(Sb  –&/ S6  ,+SV ' I<K

(319) Z kQ @/^`u-A/ou

(320) ! @ 3 .

(321) "! n_A/[]Q>

(322) A! /@ S  kS 44"? `

(323) x˜

(324)  –;˜ 4AK

(325) #A <4,4

(326) <1F7F7,

(327) +[@w Qz

(328) Z1SN˜z !>& ;C N ;`ug

(329) Z1 S NM ‘ M˜z#N0Nu#2&

(330) / –(SunQ z-S8 xu

(331)  ‘V.8 o˜ N˜z – "AG< – ; ! u !   <N (SbQ0 .u

(332)  S ;˜z /`K

(333) QQ1 S –  <1=QkT

(334) Zu,0 

(335)  6?  &z,

(336) : ;S˜ 

(337) ? .4  

(338) A

(339) <@/ 8H  [uQ  ˜  C ;zE  ! N SV  o˜ r z,

(340) [ Z`S

(341)   z,;

(342)  N  b  ok`

(343)   .u K

(344) <,/QS˜z ‘k <1F71 S ,0   Q,h  

(345) 5 S ;S˜z K

(346) `z1 S@  

(347) ? @/5 zQu% S

(348) 

(349) ".

(350) 1 S@ + ` Q)  ^

(351) Z1 /Q& w 4 ‘A    S F7 F7  k .

(352) 0 P  

(353) ? / % SG F˜ F˜ /h2 ] –`hM  o˜

(354) –1 S  < 'S S

(355)  F7" ! ]W (]0 <k.W ]K

(356) ƒ L % =L5O;']+2' ?=7O']+2' 0 &*,!')/5E=*,/.+! ,/ 07 ='MTSU 07 +J!KAL567$/+."!?$=$+ ')/.+ BD=L.;!>/ ?=

(357) &B ='@/.=9-,* 5E+2';#TBD='/=9- *,5E+.56"'  /

(358) +2!'/=9- *,5E+J'M#%+2!'/= -,* 5E+5 4'  =

(359) JBD=' /.=.+2'M#6BF.="' /= +5 4' ,/ A+2!' /= +J'M#$L+J!L' /.=.+56A'. 

(360) ZS

(361) Q  .zTN h\S\\\S

(362) C(

(363) ;S˜z #N;;"!  ,  " `

(364)  < ˜

(365) C(

(366) 0;[˜z AL ]

(367) '(]^6! u !  6? ˜

(368) Z k˜&^

(369) Z

(370) #<1!  + ‘   @S k A

(371) ‘k`/   Q&kS1S i 1 ' x*  !  ,

(372) 5`<K

(373) Q  k,

(374) 'Nk`  ](

(375)   A <] H M o˜

(376)  –% ;˜.1@  Qu0   Uz˜

(377) 'N ‘05  ".

(378)  A0]'

(379) (] ^6 ! > MR[uN','T

(380) 4! 4S /

(381) Z //Q 

(382) /bQ k+ o:~K

(383) S(S–u uz ;0 . % L %   9khN0;. "m,z+S

(384) Q) –@/ &#N;S˜z K

(385) #HNu /˜ <N`

(386)  KMk1S Q  

(387) Z1 CPz,

(388) +S. &: !>G? ,  k zQN  5`0 

(389) 8 ,

(390) bQ0 9 ok˜ F0< <

(391) !  ˜

(392) 5

(393) z˜G . 1 ' o 5 0

(394) 0 J,

(395) bQ0 ^.B  ok˜ ,

(396) : 6A <;6 !  %.

(397) 5) La science de l’information doit s’affirmer contre deux réalités: la connaissance commune, l’opinion et la connaissance fausse, la fausse science de l’information..  2 kS ++'R`

(398) xu

(399) K –;S˜ /J;  3= .

(400) Q )(z^

(401) ZV'RS"&<kS

(402) F7S>^S#"&<k 

(403) / % )™

(404) Z˜z+'R[ )S4.. Y[zQ6Fu] K0Q..'R`

(405) xu

(406)  –;[˜ % $ HQ ;7

(407) ] ,hQk6 Fu ‘a .^

(408) `z  * 56kSzQ ! /  ]

(409) KH Fuz  u

(410) S@ N  ok/ S 

(411) Z oub S˜ M  S–# r ' o kS zQ ]K#

(412) k  ! ^R[ ;~V 56F>.

(413) k + ‘ N1SV.Kz  % `h 

(414)  ;S˜– * 5 k[1 S/z 

(415) U  ; N .W .

(416) 

(417)  Fu

(418) Z + – % ( @M  R[  ./ & [

(419) M z,K

(420)  !>^R[1 S    0^ : N   A <

(421) 0 N 1 S $  <`<  0.

(422) =  < ‘0  o˜

(423) ]

(424) 6<k$  Su

(425) Q   & ! /@ .  k

(426)  <,

(427) @

(428)     .za  `/@

(429) b K*

(430)  5Su 1 S u  z

(431) ‘  k

(432)  ]1 <•@ o S" F

(433) U  @h= SB

(434)  

(435) zu*

(436) 5= .uO 3;

(437) z= U  ˜

(438)   

(439) Q= !

(440) 5 ,

(441)  N1    

(442) Z oubQ 7

(443)   U& 

(444) –0 N1 S# N  o h˜ Q   

(445) –@ N ;S˜$ % . , //. 0$L* /5E+J!  B $5E/ 0= BF5O+2!>*,+ BD ?$= & 0$*,=A)! //.+! ! 1 )')/B 4' ="!> 0$+2')* + BD+2!> / ! 1 7B 4'  L*/[+."! ,/.5E)!L') +2S$!>-, W /<0>! * ?=I1 +J!KAL567$/+[! ! 1 ;!N') 56+./ B A' =!  ! A! BD[="')W  ! 1 _$=L5O$+/ *,! * ,5!$4!>/ I1 +2!34567/.+8!N!+ 

(446) $+ SU;!>*,)' ')* +)! /.+ 4+?=;';# !>+ 

(447) + S)! * O'BD-R0,SU,SU+&?$=L)'  / 0+0L$*,/.+&?$=L)' + ! 1  $=L56$+/ 0!>* >=*,=! 'M ,+5@;!'),+ S$!$:$.,W  5! ';+./<?$=L(*,, ;')/;"$=

(448) *R$5+[ 

(449) $+2')/. ="!> 0$+2')* + BD+2!> 0$BF.,+2! 0$5EL+./ ?=+)')/ & ')*,+.;!>*, 0$ I1 +J!KAL567$/+.A! ;!') + S ! -  * 47* $* ="! ';+./ I 1

(450) !>+  ,5')+./- W  ! ;!>/5E /+.;!>/ $+2!')+D(  / > 0  =!  0+J')*,+ BF.+2!>   @4'R*,&$+5E  W. "m,z9k\u@-'R[>z`/S˜a;@ N .\k˜zQK

(451) &

(452) S N

(453) o

(454) k` 5Su

(455) 9! ^R[1S  'R[Tz ,

(456)  ˜

(457)  ]K#

(458)   % "mz S / )(.

(459) zQ 1S˜z C;  Qz:(zS ;S˜aS˜ ukbQ  u 5 1! Qu

(460) ZuN0a<^

(461) QCN –@ $0;S:Nk`

(462)  )+K

(463) "Fzu

(464) Z k  .  S@

(465)   . 'R`

(466)  xu

(467) ‘ ;S˜   ˜

(468)  ]S1  'R[&^;S˜ % .u2

(469) A

(470) <@/ Hu2z

(471) 'R[5 1!  C ;S˜ OR–Q,zT

(472) Q' ok`

(473)  %.  &D,ES ozbQ• kS k  R['&SU S˜zQ / zN/zNA/*n"&<kS

(474) F7S),  z( Q 

(475) ^6F˜[zQ  \ hK;!  ‘k–zb  . 6<S

(476) F˜S4,.(zQ z,

(477)  @S&; o"!  6A/ ! )! O]]Q7.V/

(478) Z>(H ‘)<zS< ‘;F7"! ]Fu

(479) @/U˜[3 GF>0J <5 5 L <"A] n  S@ N o" !  ,B  ]zT

(480)  –/  %. . 2+ !')+#   U/ > !>  0$ & /56A!'8B $5E!>*, 'RL* +&$R# 0$= B $5E/&"SU 0$;' *,!!$+2'E';4!>*,)'?=+ )')/ & :AA') 0$= !> [R0"S 4!$"S!>/  "$+/ 0> *, //. 0$+2')* + BD+2!> =!>"$='E') 'R*,+)! * ,W  = +.,=

(481) L# BDL= ,!L'![!>L=' B 5O,5 0 /5 4!')=*,)! *  ')*,+&$ " W E   $=L56 /$= 4=L5' =A!> 45E/ /.;!')+!  +/&>. ;!>/5E . BD5E+  -,/ .<BD=$:L.+*R# )! /.5E *R$* >- /%. ,+J')+:$.,W  ?= !>L=' +J')"!'] ,,*@$= 0$+2')!L' =!> =/5EDBDR5')!!  0$- BD;!$090$?$=L+ !>="'5EOS>$560$;!>/&# ! ="'-,* L=/)! / ,/ 0$* 47;!>/%+.2' ! ="' 5OES 560$;!>/&# !>L=' -,* L=/)! /.W  /RB =+2'M#U04!' @0$+2')* L=5' 0$;']BF5O-R0$+*R$/ =L5 ' 0$*,,/./ +0- L.,SU+ / +?=R#  'RL* +&$Q  ,* ')"! *,5E/ OS 0  

(482) BD+/&>/.+!L';'R/ //&$)!/ :');!>/W  .L5 ' .QB $5E/&"SU0)' * "!!$+J'E'MA! * ;'  !  )')/EB 4'UBF=L5 0 $+2!>W .

(483) III – Et terminons par l’espace de connaissance de la science de l’information. -/

(484) KH ,M

(485) š/ ”`< S  kS@

(486)  . 'RSM &˜

(487)  ‘;S˜ @h ``<K

(488) ZubQuzb  zM, Q”z5k--u7kb @

(489)  %. Q˜  :`< .   @S k. 2b kCS`z7 @S bb'R[`

(490) &

(491)  –NS˜ 0  @S k k˜ 3 GF>G<k  QMGF> ^[K

(492)  uz 

(493) /C Dz%,;

(494) ‘ 6˜

(495) Z7  "A <u

(496) 6 ! • _˜  k

(497) /5[U! /" ‘16Fd

(498) #<)Su=˜0;;;S˜z  S!

(499) 0".

(500) @ J.  7

(501)  Q  S˜.z‘*

(502) S<(

(503) Z1  S  ' *<

(504) @

(505)  .um @S,

(506) U %  + )"  ;˜  n  @S  k\  ˜[ 3 GF> <   /

(507) S1 7k + ‘ / z9S 3 z; 5[K

(508) Z˜z9k bQ> z@ N .K

(509) <Q0 ; ;[˜  z S< – ; !   u  `z   /=C (S =, ]K*

(510) ;`

(511) .  S

(512)  , N: `<u Su”`

(513)  x˜z ' – 5@ i – F˜@ w z KNS+  F7z  -S ; )* %  K0 ;C `<u–Q˜  < 5`/[ z,

(514)  

(515) Z> /

(516)  <S<w D.uB

(517) Z1 S NS˜hN  ]K

(518) ‘ N0 JS 7

(519) 2M  ,

(520) C N˜”

(521) 6 F7 

(522)  hQ ,zU  .uE   &H1SU  5˜

(523) ‘1  % )™K

(524) 'R[ S k ;[˜  š

(525) kQ˜ ‘   "A < ‘ N" !   S.  S@

(526)    'R[M  o˜

(527) – ;˜  <1 S G<B]!,

(528) – "

(529) Z S

(530)  F˜6 !  &'

(531) N! O <"A]  `

(532)  & 8<[

(533)  ! / % = R[u z5  </ S< – [

(534)  F˜ !  kz# S

(535) //    .

(536)  A/  k1 // / 'R6<5k˜ ”[ -\  S 

(537) ALz  !  % ƒ  kS@

(538)  \   'R[M  5˜

(539) ‘ N˜  ,  /=Q\  \   5:  'R6<z# `< ‘ 

(540)  F7S  <

(541)  5  ;[˜ ;% –K

(542) <1 SN ;[u./K ; N  q  R[ .

(543) @  ,UK*

(544) ;k`z #

(545) <k& 1 ] NS˜hM  ˜z# S

(546)  NM  Nu  % )+,

(547) z/ C;S˜]S  @:S`/˜ @SK u $Sak + ]/6;[˜ >]u 3 GF>G<k  

(548) /

(549) S5kN o@.u ]

(550) /;CS#:.

(551) S1S "m`/@

(552) Qu_ 5^/S<M

(553) 5kz#N:",

(554) _S

(555)

(556) K<5F˜ –  k˜./=Q ! ]]b C(S % iJ%  @S kM S- + +/6;[˜ 

(557) CNM] S   z  < ”[ N ˜  k 

(558) o % Mz "&S

(559) Z1SN˜ &^

(560) Z!M &˜

(561)  ‘;S˜‘O + +/6;[˜ ok/ ^'R[> ( 3= |,–  kS  kM  P S  + +"  ;˜  R./ <; 7K

(562) bQ0 N  < <K

(563) Z;S˜ ! /z 

(564) Z  C g N/

(565) Z  /C    u

(566) Z ]  F []Q!z ](/

(567)  z % P (  

(568) Zu % ' R[; /@ Mo  3= .

(569)  z  a ok`

(570)  S  ' I<K

(571) Z  k @ [

(572) T   > (3b   E$  .

(573)  =K z  u  k˜& ;`  , S 

(574) ]K_

(575) SB 

(576) \1 –n ; O<# `<1 – S

(577)  F7" !  . ,5!>+  5EN-;';  ;!>/=5E *,!>*, BD/=,. 5O-,*,O!>/ C+. $=L56$+/ ="!>N0$+ A-,5E)! *  *,!>*, BD/=,. ;!>/5E  +J!KAL5  $/+[! U*,A7=A!+*R$/+."! 8/.+5E / N,/  +J! 4567/.+! *,A7="!>+*/.+A! /.56$+/ 0  =A! +."! W   L: 4 *T/.+  5E,*  5E* >- ;')/ 0$ BF)!L') 5   $5E/+.*,=&>/+."!9;!/.5E  =A!>,/  =/5O,/ 0  ;!  +2'M"SU,56#UL+J!L' * 7?$=L+ .;' 5E- ="!>+[/  ,/ ;' BBF')R#U?$=L@*,7?$=L+ ;' 5O,+. 0    =A'M"SU70  =! /+.5E,/ ,/ !! 0 ="!9/56$+[/ 0  =! +."!;!>/5O]+2!34567$/8+."!,/ *,A7=!>+*R$/+[A! W .

(578) . . 2  S@

(579)  S k + +./6k;S˜ ˜0U /

(580) Z1^C`< .  k 5u

(581) Zu   ] z <kP. 

(582) Z

(583)  Fk

(584) 1 + –@& z,

(585) 5˜6F ”@& A <˜

(586) Su2^.B &H1Su %. . BERTHELOT J.M. – Epistémologie des sciences sociales – PUF, Paris, 2001 MIEGE B. – L’information-communication, objet de connaissance – De Boeck/INA, Bruxelles, 2004.

(587). A ' L+J!L'70 =!>?$=4$56A!/&$+2!>0$@40$-,.+2'M$/[+!L'70 &9* 47=A! +.*R$/+.A! 7A'E' -R0$+&$/+?=Q')!>/$0$-,*,5O+/)'B 5  

(588)    ,/  Q   . . . . )+ &

(589) ; ‘1Su@S ˜0+ 

(590) .

(591) A/ ;

(592) ShQ  S o˜

(593)  –1SQN˜ % =R[u]1 </S< –[

(594) F˜! z ˜z^

(595) C u$/

(596) &A / k//$.u ˜ S, kA/;˜

(597) !    + ‘ 1 S@aSu  kS u . S  + +./6k;S˜ <] hQ0 z <"Az

(598)  OR6</ `< – [

(599)  F˜S &˜  NS˜1S N>  )z`

(600) ; (zAS˜

(601) #N S

(602) 

(603) ".

(604) 1S;  z# `<   N> /C " ;S˜.1 ^ N> &

(605)  FuC ;`/;# N &kh S

(606) ;`/ ; &uz 

(607)  ;S˜./;;.` % ( @@  ‘1 6Fd#

(608) < k  * <

(609) Z  k@ 2 ; 7M

(610) Q C `< !  > ]]Q0   kS  k / 'R[M  &u

(611) ‘ N˜  2  kS  kW  )  S)   + ).z"  ;S˜  .uW ^SzW E  z,

(612) & S<m / N0  % $  Q Q  /  <M z .  K*

(613) ;Mmz )(/

(614) Z .W .

(615) Q F

(616)  + ‘uM g

(617) 5 AK#

(618) A> . ”/`k  / K*

(619) ;@M]u  C S<9  OR[@hQ@" Fz ‘0  % ( k9  'R.// S<\ 55 ; k   '

(620) `<k  *

(621) @

(622)   ]K

(623) 'R[=Q `h ;C 6;S˜./5 [.   R/ Q5 N .]

(624) OR[@hQ@" F ‘0   -

(625) Z1 A/,K

(626) A/.  S (z5 S@ < +

(627) kS  u  'R[M  &u

(628) ‘ N˜    S  + )./6 k ;[˜    OR/.  &  <*< ~QK& ;  U ) \ – ^ R[u O!>^R+  S 

(629) 5

(630) Q !>] 

(631) Z 5/ ; ,W]K

(632) QQu % Conclusion. 2  @S  . 6? M &˜

(633)  ‘;[˜ u  S > .

(634) & 

(635) ;S˜ ˜h kS@ N2"? H5k A

(636) ‘k`/#5E2u

(637) 6F˜`zL(zS@)/

(638) K<5kQ .–([3b+ .˜ N&)(zS8<1 oM @& 

(639) Z N kSzN  o5 k S –0 | . ; 5S ([u  % /2u

(640) 6 F˜`/wQ˜ zK

(641) <5k0 Nu

(642)  & NE  kbQ   . SB 

(643) Z ”6H

(644) ZEFk

(645) Gn &k<S< QK0 N  \)=6? ‘K

(646)   / kS [ &u

(647) –$;

(648)  xuK

(649) – ;S˜ 

(650) S  k +/ $   % ( @  S  ]@/@ T  z  @S   1   :N P +

(651) Z0  . <1 oM: N˜    ! ? 1  < [>   <"A .u@ T. K

(652) Nk`  ](/

(653)   u   &5  (zQ>    S˜; &˜  . –0 N1 S   ` i

(654)  5`  |1 [ •#

(655) <1 *HK

(656) Z+  )  

(657) /z# /z ,Q 

(658) Q> .

(659) )  A/ oT

(660) Z> Ok % !>zu ^SP  ”@K

(661) !  . QB  "7

(662) : `< % /˜ > ( 3= ru N./+  – ; H

(663)  ^6? M xuK

(664) – ;S˜ D! /i./ A//  "? u ]1  

(665) 0(S" –  'R[u ]1  

(666) Z oub S˜.1  P  ?   ./

(667) bQ ˜#

(668) k /C N1 S   ˜ /4  –; 7

(669) .  z K  u

(670)  =Q  % 6? <N    .uJ  zQ F7u2 ^.u˜ hQ F7@ z,

(671) –@ !  

(672) ?  N0 ;˜U  ] ˜

(673) 2QuJ zQ F7K

(674) Q % /˜ ˜ N&  0 –@K

(675) !  <W]KM

(676) Sn    "? ` o,

(677) ˜  kC S`z,

(678) : `<>.  .– @/@  ]Q5 F7E  .  S@

(679)    6A

(680) <1 ‘ ; ! 2 

(681) Az  ! 2 O!  @S  kw & S5 Su2  A& –M]u "m N5 A./ ! u  

(682) .1 S z    Suš )G<K

(683) Q [ &  Q ;5 A. 

(684)  F7S <5A/[ % ZNG <k\   [M

(685) Z0 –M  <1/; (S ‘0 – S &˜0 &<

(686) M,

(687) 

(688) ?  ./`/@

(689)   z zSK

(690) 

(691)   Y  /`z,

(692) b <S1 ^

(693) Q˜ !  QhbQ" 

(694) ! 1 ! U   ;M  5 ! •b7S DS ;5  . – "

(695) C `<BN1 A./6 k. % <5k/ ”6 !  \  7 * <,

(696) & ;\   U ]Q, Nu

(697)  <A/  <k /  UN 0; ~ – F7R ;] K0 

(698) Z+  +  Fk

(699) : `<+ .

(700)  ; ! ug`

(701)  x˜

(702) – ;S˜/1 SunQ+  &< S1 k N5 M ]u

(703)  (S1 –0  

(704) ?   SV  ˜z# NC " < ]K

(705) S)  z zSK

(706) g,

(707)    0SV  <1S5 ^

(708) Z˜/6 ! /– 46? ˜

(709) Z1 i NS‘;  . . ›P?=<^Y>@??aE=_d?>@?aG,_dL`<

(710) C@C@CJH ’›!z\@HU?~DZYIY[?=<`Y[DaE=Y>@?|H ’Da99;L" é?>@?ƒHDh? OŽ@E@WkHUW@sLU? >@?H LUE@VSW@9;XD&YLUW@E@\ LE COADIC Y.F. – op. cité. ’ ’.

(711)

(712) 

(713) Z0^BS5E!  SBN0"1 S.

(714) 2KkC*

(715) Z/" Skb ,™K0

(716) ZM

(717) MSkbQ k 

(718) ?  ] 1 S  C"

(719) Z M &

(720) ; ‘;S˜.1[ 2\F0< <,

(721) ;˜z 6˜

(722) Zu Q,

(723) Q˜  :z  ”@   hQ\  . kT  <5Su@  K z*

(724) ;  % ^S

(725) .u <5Su  S/ /K/5 –`* &

(726) –1 ]  ! .  S 8<1SE  N 0"1  5 [um 

(727) Q  

(728) Z (z (S –@ P ‘Mz]  . N1 ) m  QK

(729) Zu&  –`zB` `<,

(730) =  <u ,

(731) 5 @ SML

(732)  6? M  u

(733) ‘ ;S˜U  ]J

(734) P S1 "

(735) Z Q 0N  0 N 0NW  ]  Z\^

(736) Z &<1^`7K

(737) <& k1 S –&  % 2  kS  +  +  'R`

(738)  xuK

(739) – ;S˜ u M,+S Q 7K

(740) V  

(741) ? .M   z 

(742) S ^

(743) ? 9  –#

(744) A <”  

(745) ? /  + –,K

(746)  OR M  &;

(747)  ;S˜  /h  /z <1S5 S

(748) ˜" !  M  ? MG  z# [

(749) S  % 6? M  xu

(750) – ;S˜ K

(751) Z Z`|: N % ƒ7  K

(752) A

(753) <U.7  6? ` &˜

(754) – ;S˜ QU  M,

(755) Q o 

(756) SN z> 

(757)  S N˜z +  z 5 F7

(758)  A F70 !

(759) Z z6  ‘0  % "•T   okC *=Su+  

(760) Z N kSz 4  S  @S  k  6? M  xu

(761) – ;S˜   S /

(762) Z 5b S˜./5    Q1 N 7

(763)  <1/ ; ˜

(764) Q@  ^C (/

(765) ZkT

(766) @  & 

(767) ‘0 ;5 ^ Nu@  (zC (^S "A <5kT

(768)   ,K

(769) AM  Nu@  khQ,

(770) 5 N 7

(771) @  `

(772)  o˜

(773) – ; kS@* u  k,

(774) &  <u ]K

(775) [ K#

Références

Documents relatifs