Engaging Automation at Work - A Literature Review

Texte intégral

(1)Open Archive Toulouse Archive Ouverte. OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible. This is an author’s version published in: http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/24798. Official URL DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05297-3_11. To cite this version: Roto, Virpi and Palanque, Philippe and Karvonen, Hannu Engaging Automation at Work - A Literature Review. (2019) In: IFIP WG 13.6 Working Conference Human Work Interaction Design (HWID 2018), 20 August 2018 - 21 August 2018 (Espoo, Finland).. Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the repository administrator: [email protected].

(2) (QJDJLQJ$XWRPDWLRQDW:RUN± $/LWHUDWXUH5HYLHZ 9LUSL5RWR3KLOLSSH3DODQTXHDQG+DQQX.DUYRQHQ $DOWR8QLYHUVLW\6FKRRORI$UWV'HVLJQDQG$UFKLWHFWXUH(VSRR)LQODQG ,&6,5,78QLYHUVLWp3DXO6DEDWLHU±7RXORXVH,,,)UDQFH 9777HFKQLFDO5HVHDUFK&HQWUHRI)LQODQG/WG7DPSHUH+HOVLQNL)LQODQG . YLUSLURWR#DDOWRILSDODQTXH#LULWIU+DQQXNDUYRQHQ#YWWIL. $EVWUDFW$XWRPDWLRQSHUYDGHVZRUNSODFHVLQDQLQFUHDVLQJSDFHDQGLWVHI IHFWVRQZRUNSUDFWLFHVDQGUROHVDUHIDUUHDFKLQJ:RUNWDVNVDUHW\SLFDOO\DXWR PDWHGZLWKHIILFLHQF\HIIHFWLYHQHVVDQGVDIHW\LQPLQGEXWOHVVDWWHQWLRQLVSDLG RQWKHXVHUH[SHULHQFHDVSHFWV$VWKHDPRXQWRIGLUHFWKXPDQFRQWURORYHUWHFK QRORJ\LVRIWHQGHFUHDVHGZLWKDXWRPDWLRQWKHKXPDQDVSHFWRIWKRVHV\VWHPV PLJKWVHHPOHVVHVVHQWLDODQGWKXVKXPDQV\VWHPLQWHUDFWLRQGHVLJQHUVPD\QRW EHFRQVXOWHGZKHQDXWRPDWLRQLVGHVLJQHG<HWIXOO\DXWRQRPRXVDQGXQPDQQHG V\VWHPVDUHUDUHDVKXPDQVRIWHQVWLOOKDYHWRPRQLWRULQWHUYHQHPDLQWDLQDQG FRQWUROWKHDXWRPDWHGHQYLURQPHQWV±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

(3) WKHHWKLFDODVSHFWVRIDXWRPDWLRQ HJ>@DQGDFFHSWDQFHLVVXHV>@+RZHYHUWKH XVHU H[SHULHQFH 8;

(4) IDFWRUV ZLWK DXWRPDWLRQ HVSHFLDOO\ LQ FRPSOH[ ZRUN HQYLURQ PHQWVKDVJDLQHGOLWWOHVFKRODUO\DWWHQWLRQ>@ %DLQEULGJH >@ ZDV DPRQJ WKH ILUVW WREULHIO\ GLVFXVVVRPH HQJDJHPHQW LVVXHVRI DXWRPDWLRQVXFKDVERUHGRPUHGXFHGIHHOLQJRIDFKLHYHPHQWDQGORZHUMREVDWLVIDF.

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

(6) WKHKXPDQRSHUDWRUKDVDGLIIHUHQWUROH:KLOHWKHUHDUHVHYHUDOPRGHOVRI /R$VLWLVW\SLFDOLQDOORIWKHPWKDWWKHDPRXQWRIKXPDQFRQWUROGHFUHDVHVZLWKWKH LQFUHDVLQJDXWRPDWLRQOHYHO )URPWKHKXPDQSHUVSHFWLYHDXWRPDWLRQUHIHUVWRDGHYLFHRUDV\VWHPWKDWDFFRP SOLVKHV SDUWLDOO\RUIXOO\

(7) DIXQFWLRQWKDWZDVSUHYLRXVO\RUFRQFHLYDEO\FRXOGEHFDU ULHGRXW SDUWLDOO\RUIXOO\

(8) E\DKXPDQRSHUDWRU>@%\HQJDJLQJDXWRPDWLRQGHVLJQIRU ZRUNZHUHIHUWRGHVLJQWKDWFKDQJHVWKHUHODWHGZRUNSURFHVVHVOHVVKXPDQGHSHQGHQW EXWZLWKWKHJRDORIPDNLQJWKHZRUNPRUHLQWHUHVWLQJIRUWKHHPSOR\HHVLQVWHDGRI PDNLQJWKHZRUNPRUHPRQRWRQRXVDQGERULQJZKLFKFDQRIWHQKDSSHQ>@ (QJDJHPHQWKDVEHHQLQWHUSUHWHGLQPDQ\ZD\VDVLWFDQPHDQGLIIHUHQWWKLQJVGH SHQGLQJRQWKHFRQWH[W7KLVSDSHUWDFNOHVWKHTXHVWLRQRIwhat is known about engagement in relation to using automated systems at work.2XUDSSURDFKWRDQVZHUWKHTXHV WLRQLVDV\VWHPDWLFOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZ6SHFLILFUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQVUHJDUGLQJWKHOLWHUD WXUHUHYLHZDUHDVIROORZV 54+RZPXFKLVSXEOLVKHGDERXWGHVLJQLQJH[SHULHQWLDODXWRPDWLRQV\VWHPVIRU ZRUNFRQWH[WV" 54:KHUHWKLVWRSLFLVEHLQJUHVHDUFKHG" 54:KDWDUHWKHOLPLWDWLRQVRIWKHFXUUHQWUHVHDUFK". . 5HODWHGUHVHDUFK. %HIRUHJRLQJLQWRWKHOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRFODULI\WKHNH\FRQFHSWVRIWKLV SDSHUQDPHO\HQJDJHPHQWDQGDXWRPDWLRQ.

(9) . (QJDJHPHQWZLWK7HFKQRORJ\. 7REHWWHUXQGHUVWDQGWKHFRQFHSWRIHQJDJHPHQWLQWKHVSHFLILFFDVHRIXVLQJLQWHUDFWLYH WHFKQLFDO V\VWHPV DW ZRUN ZH DSSURDFK WKH FRQFHSW IURP WZR QHLJKERULQJ UHVHDUFK DUHDVZRUNHQJDJHPHQWDQGHQJDJHPHQWZLWKLQWHUDFWLYHWRROV:RUNHQJDJHPHQWFDQ EHGHILQHGDV³DSRVLWLYHIXOILOOLQJZRUNUHODWHGVWDWHRIPLQGWKDWLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\ YLJRUGHGLFDWLRQDQGDEVRUSWLRQ´>@VHH7DEOHIRUGHWDLOV 7DEOH:RUNHQJDJHPHQWIDFWRUVE\>@ )DFWRU 9LJRU 'HGLFDWLRQ $EVRUSWLRQ. 'HILQLWLRQ +LJKOHYHOVRIHQHUJ\DQGPHQWDOUHVLOLHQFHZKLOHZRUNLQJWKH ZLOOLQJQHVVWRLQYHVWHIIRUWLQRQH¶VZRUNDQGSHUVLVWHQFHHYHQLQ WKHIDFHRIGLIILFXOWLHV %HLQJVWURQJO\LQYROYHGLQRQH¶VZRUNDQGH[SHULHQFLQJDVHQVHRI VLJQLILFDQFHHQWKXVLDVPLQVSLUDWLRQSULGHDQGFKDOOHQJH %HLQJ IXOO\ FRQFHQWUDWHG DQG KDSSLO\ HQJURVVHG LQ RQH¶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³VSDFH´LQZKLFKHQJDJHPHQWRFFXUVDQGWKLVVSDFHLQ FOXGHV DIIRUGDQFHV RI WKH WHFKQLFDO DUWHIDFW ZKLFK SHRSOH VXEVHTXHQWO\ H[SORLW $F FRUGLQJWR>@SHRSOHHQJDJHZLWKVRPHWKLQJDQGFRQWLQXHWRGRVREDVLFDOO\EHFDXVH WKH\HQMR\GRLQJWKDWDFWLYLW\7KHUHIRUHDIIHFWKDVDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQHQJDJHPHQW ,Q DGGLWLRQ SHRSOH HQJDJH ZLWK WHFKQRORJ\ EHFDXVH LW DOORZV WKHP WR DFKLHYH WKHLU SXUSRVHVDQGWKHVHSXUSRVHVFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGDVDUHFLSURFDOH[SUHVVLRQRIWKHPVHOYHV LELG

(10) 6LGQHUHWDO>@GHILQHVHQJDJHPHQWLQKXPDQURERWLQWHUDFWLRQDV³WKHSURFHVVE\ ZKLFKLQWHUDFWRUVVWDUWPDLQWDLQDQGHQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGFRQQHFWLRQWRHDFKRWKHUGXU LQJDQLQWHUDFWLRQ´7KLVGHILQLWLRQLVDOVRDSSOLFDEOHZLWKDXWRPDWHGV\VWHPVLQZKLFK.

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

(12) WRYLJRU HQHUJ\DQGPHQ WDOUHVLOLHQFH

(13) DQGGHGLFDWLRQ HJVLJQLILFDQFHHQWKXVLDVPSULGH

(14) 7KLVKHOSVXVWR DQDO\VHWKHH[LVWLQJGHILQLWLRQVDQGSRVLWLRQWKHP)RUH[DPSOHWKHGHILQLWLRQRI6LG QHU¶VKXPDQURERWLQWHUDFWLRQ>@HQJDJHPHQWLVRQWKHVKRUWWHUPVLGHLHGXULQJDQ LQWHUDFWLRQHSLVRGHZKLOHZRUNHQJDJHPHQWLVW\SLFDOO\ORQJWHUP . $XWRPDWLRQRI:RUN7RROVDQG5HODWLRQVKLSZLWK8VDELOLW\. 7KHVWULYHIRUPRUHDXWRPDWLRQLQWKHZRUNSODFHKDVEHHQGULYHQE\DVHWRIFRQVLGHUD WLRQVWKDWSURYHGXVHIXOEHIRUHWKHFRPSXWHUDJHEXWPXVWEHUHFRQVLGHUHGQRZDGD\V 2QHRIWKHILUVWFRQVLGHUDWLRQVZDVWKHRQHSURSRVHGLQWKH0$%$0$%$ 0DFKLQH $UH%HWWHU$W0DQ$UH%HWWHU$W

(15) E\3DXO)LWWV>@ZKLFKZDVFRQVLGHULQJWKHEHVW SOD\HUDFFRUGLQJWRDEVWUDFWWDVNVEHWZHHQDKXPDQDQGD VWHDP

(16) PDFKLQHU\ VHH)LJ

(17) . D

(18) . E

(19). . )LJD

(20) ,OOXVWUDWLRQVRIWKH)LWWVOLVW >@SS±

(21) ±E

(22) 0$%$0$%$OLVWIURP)LWWV>@. )URPWKLVILJXUHLWLVLQWHUHVWLQJWRQRWHWKDWRQO\LQQXPEHURIIXQFWLRQVPDFKLQHV ZHUHEHWWHUWKDQKXPDQ SRVLWLYHVFRUHVIRUKXPDQDQGIRUPDFKLQHV

(23) &DUYHUDQG 7XURII>@ H[WHQGHG WKLVQRWLRQRIEHVWSOD\HU UHSODFLQJWKHVWHDP PDFKLQHU\ ZLWK FRPSXWHUV\VWHPV VHH)LJ

(24) .

(25) . . )LJ%HVWSOD\HUEHWZHHQKXPDQDQGFRPSXWHUIURP&DUYHUDQG7XURII>@. 7KHVHWZRFODVVLILFDWLRQV DQGHVSHFLDOO\WKHILUVWRQH

(26) KDYHEHHQH[WHQVLYHO\XVHG ERWKDVDGHVLJQGULYHUDQGDVDPHDQRIDVVHVVLQJWKHDGHTXDWHQHVVRIIXQFWLRQDOORFD WLRQ EHWZHHQ KXPDQV DQG PDFKLQHVFRPSXWHUV +RZHYHU LQ UHVHDUFK LW KDV EHHQ FOHDUO\LGHQWLILHGWKDWDFWXDOZRUNUHTXLUHVWKHLQYROYHPHQWRIERWKPDFKLQHVDQGKX PDQV ³,QPRGHUQGHIHQFHV\VWHPVWKHPDMRULW\RIIXQFWLRQVQHHGERWKKXPDQVDQG PDFKLQHVWRXQGHUWDNHFRPSOHPHQWDU\WDVNV. >@S

(27) FLWHGLQ>@

(28) $QRWKHU PDMRU FRQVLGHUDWLRQSXVKLQJ WRZDUGV PRUH DXWRPDWLRQ LQ WKHZRUNSODFH FDPHIURPVWXGLHVRQKXPDQHUURU,QGHHGZKLOHVRPH+&,FRQWULEXWLRQVVXFKDVWKH +XPDQ3URFHVVRU0RGHO>@ZHUHGHVFULELQJKXPDQEHKDYLRXUDV³IODZOHVV´RWKHU ZRUN HJ>@

(29) ZDVKLJKOLJKWLQJWKDW ZLWKLQWKLVKXPDQSURFHVVRUPRGHO

(30) WKHUHZDV URRPIRUHUURUZLWKLQHDFKSURFHVVRU SHUFHSWLYHFRJQLWLYHDQGPRWRU

(31) :KLOHFRP SXWHUWHFKQRORJLHVZHUHQRWJHWWLQJPRUHUHOLDEOH GXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKHFRPSXWLQJ ILHOGLVHYROYLQJDWKLJKVSHHG

(32) WKHKXPDQHUURUZDVDOZD\VVHHQPRUHSURPLQHQWGXH WRWKHLPSUHVVLRQWKDWV\VWHPVIDLOXUHVFDQDOZD\VEHIL[HGDQGIL[LQJKXPDQHUURUVLV GXHWRWKHKXPDQQDWXUH

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³]HURVXP´JDPH ³DXWRPDWLQJDIXQFWLRQGRHVQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHVXOWLQDUHGXFWLRQLQZRUNORDGHTXLYDOHQW WRWKHKXPDQZRUNQHFHVVDU\IRUWKDWIXQFWLRQ´>@7KLVPHDQVWKDWKXPDQZRUNDQG WKHWHFKQLFDOV\VWHPZLWKZKLFKWKHZRUNLQJKXPDQLVFRRSHUDWLQJKDYHWREHFDUHIXOO\ GHVLJQHG,WDOVRPHDQVWKDWFRQVLGHULQJWKDWWKHKXPDQZLOOEHDEOHWRWDNHRYHUZKHQ DXWRPDWLRQIDLOVLVQRWDFFHSWDEOH>@HVSHFLDOO\ZKHQDXWRPDWLRQKDVEHHQGHVLJQHG WRUHSODFHWKHKXPDQRSHUDWRU $QH[DPSOHRIFDUHIXOGHVLJQFDQEHWDNHQIURPDHURQDXWLFVZKHUHWKHDFFLGHQWUDWH LVVRORZ OHVVWKDQRQHLQWHQPLOOLRQIOLJKWVIRUWKHQHZJHQHUDWLRQRIODUJHFLYLODLU FUDIWV

(34) WKDWWKHXQGHUO\LQJSURFHVVHVFDQEHVHHQDVH[HPSODU\.

(35) /DQGLQJ DQ DLUFUDIW PD\ EH SHUFHLYHG DV DQ DFWLYLW\ UHTXLULQJ YHU\ KLJKO\ VNLOOHG RSHUDWRUVDQGEHLQJVDIHW\FULWLFDODVDQHUURUPLJKWKDYHFDWDVWURSKLFFRQVHTXHQFHV +RZHYHUVLQFHWKHHDUO\VZRUNKDVEHHQFDUULHGRXWE\WKHDLUFUDIWLQGXVWU\WRSUR YLGHSLORWVZLWKDQ$XWRODQGIXQFWLRQ,WZDVRQO\RQ'HFHPEHUWKWKDWWKHILUVW FLYLODLUFUDIW $LUEXV&DUDYHOOH

(36) ZDVTXDOLILHGWRXVHWKH$XWRODQGIXQFWLRQZLWKDIRFXV RQUHOLDELOLW\RIWKHV\VWHPRIIHULQJVHJUHJDWLRQGLYHUVLW\DQGUHGXQGDQF\PHFKDQLVPV /DQGLQJDFWLYLWLHVUHTXLUHSHUIRUPLQJIODUH WKHQRVHRIWKHSODQHLVUDLVHG

(37) PDQDJLQJ WKUXVW UHGXFLQJWKHYDOXHJUDGXDOO\

(38) PDQDJLQJWKHUROO URWDWLRQRIWKHDLUFUDIWDORQJ WKHD[LVUXQQLQJIURPQRVHWRWDLO

(39) DQGPDQDJLQJWKHDOLJQPHQWZLWKWKHUXQZD\'H YHORSLQJWKH$XWRODQGIXQFWLRQZDVGRQHJUDGXDOO\SHUIRUPLQJILUVW$XWR)ODUHRQO\ WKHQDGGLQJ$XWR7KURWWOHVHUYRVWRKDQGOHWKUXVWDQGILQDOO\XWLOL]LQJWKHDXWRQRPRXV PDQDJHPHQWRIUROOOHDGLQJWRDIXOO\DXWRQRPRXVODQGLQJV\VWHP:KLOHWKLVV\VWHP UHSODFHVKXPDQVYHU\HIILFLHQWO\ZKHQYLVLELOLW\LVORZ LQFOXGLQJOHYHOVRI]HURYLVL ELOLW\

(40) LWVXVHLVDOVRH[WUHPHO\OLPLWHGGHSHQGLQJRQRWKHUZHDWKHUFRQGLWLRQVVXFKDV ZLQG)RUH[DPSOHIRUD%RHLQJWKHOLPLWDWLRQVDUHDPD[LPXPKHDGZLQGRI NWVDPD[LPXPWDLOZLQGRINWVDPD[LPXPFURVVZLQGFRPSRQHQWRINWVDQG DPD[LPXPFURVVZLQGZLWKRQHHQJLQHLQRSHUDWLYHRIILYHNQRWV7KLVGHPRQVWUDWHVWKH IDFWWKDWFDUHIXOGHVLJQDQGGHSOR\PHQWRIDXWRPDWLRQLQWKHZRUNSODFHPLJKWLQFUHDVH IHDVLELOLW\RIRSHUDWLRQVDQGWKHRYHUDOOSHUIRUPDQFHRIDV\VWHP+RZHYHUZKLOHZRUN DQG ZRUNLQJ FRQGLWLRQV

(41) DQG DXWRPDWLRQ DUH FRQVLGHUHG QRWKLQJ LV VDLG DERXW XVHU H[SHULHQFH DQG HQJDJHPHQW RI RSHUDWRUV LQ VXFK FRQWH[WV HYHQ WKRXJK WKH +HGRQLVW PDJD]LQHKDVDGHGLFDWHGFROXPQFDOOHG³RQZLQJV´GHGLFDWHGWRIO\LQJDLUFUDIWV>@ ,QRWKHUGRPDLQVVXFKDVZDONXSDQGXVHV\VWHPVDXWRPDWLRQLVDGGHGPDLQO\WR UHGXFH UHTXLUHG ODERU DQG WKXV WR UHGXFH WKH FRVW RI ZRUNIRUFH 7KLV XVXDOO\ FRPHV DORQJ ZLWK D UHGXFWLRQRI WKH QXPEHURI WDVNV FRYHUHGPRUH VHTXHQWLDO WDVNV PRUH FXPEHUVRPHDQGOHVVHQMR\DEOH&DVKPDFKLQHVDUHDZLGHO\XVHGH[DPSOHGHPRQVWUDW LQJWKLVZKHQFRPSDULQJZLWKJHWWLQJFDVKDWWKHFDVKLHU$WWKHFDVKLHURQHFDQUHTXHVW D(XURVQRWHEHFDXVHLWLVJUHHQDQGWKHSHUVRQZDQWVWRPDNHDJUHHQJLIWWRDNLG ,QWKHXVHU¶VRZQEUDQFKLWLVRIWHQQRWQHFHVVDU\WRSURYHLGHQWLW\DVWKHFDVKLHUZRXOG NQRZSHUVRQDOO\PRVWRIWKHFOLHQWV$WWKHFDVKLHUD3,1QXPEHUDQGDFDUGDUHQRW UHTXLUHGHWF%H\RQGFRVWRIZRUNIRUFHUHGXFWLRQDXWRPDWLRQVLQFUHDVHVXELTXLW\DQG DYDLODELOLW\RIVHUYLFHWKURXJKRXWWKHGD\'HVLJQLQJ,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPVIRU (QJDJHPHQW 'HVLJQLQJIRUHQJDJHPHQWVKDUHVPXFKRILWVKLVWRU\ZLWKXVHUH[SHULHQFH 8;

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

(43) 5LFKHWDO>@

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µHQJDJHPHQW¶DQGµDXWRPDWLRQ¶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engagement in relation to using automated systems at work µDXWRPDWLRQ¶ µZRUN¶ µLQWHUDFWLRQ¶ DQG µHQJDJHPHQW¶ %DVHG RQ WKH LQLWLDO VHDUFKUHVXOWVZKLFKZHUHYHU\OLPLWHGZHH[SDQGHGWKHVHDUFKFULWHULDWRFRYHUQRW RQO\µHQJDJHPHQW¶EXWDOVRDQ\HPRWLRQDOXVHUH[SHULHQFHDQGQRWRQO\µDXWRPDWLRQ¶ EXWDOVRµF\EHUSK\VLFDO¶DVZHH[SHFWHGF\EHUSK\VLFDOV\VWHPVWREHXVHGLQLQGXVWU\ &RQIHUHQFHUHYLHZV FU

(45) DQGRWKHUUHYLHZV UH

(46) ZHUHH[FOXGHGIURPWKHVHDUFKFULWHULD 7KHILQDOVHDUFKSKUDVHIRU6FRSXVZDV.

(47) 7,7/($%6.(< DXWRPDWLRQ25F\EHUSK\VLFDO

(48) $1'ZRUN$1'LQWHUDFWLRQ $1' XVHU H[SHULHQFH 25 HQJDJHPHQW 25 HPRWLRQDO

(49)

(50) $1' (;&/8'( '2&7<3(FU

(51) 25(;&/8'( '2&7<3(UH

(52)

(53) ,QSKDVHVDQGHYLGHQFHRQHPRWLRQDODVSHFWVLQZRUNDXWRPDWLRQZHUHVHDUFKHG IURPWKHNH\ZRUGVWLWOHDQGDEVWUDFW3XEOLFDWLRQVWKDWZHUHFOHDUO\RXWRIVFRSHZHUH H[FOXGHG RWKHUV ZHUH NHSW LQ IRU D PRUH FDUHIXO VWXG\ 7KH PRVW W\SLFDO UHDVRQ IRU H[FOXVLRQ ZDV WKDW µZRUN¶ GLG QRW UHIHU WR D ZRUN FRQWH[W EXW µZRUN¶ DSSHDUHG LQ SKUDVHVUHIHUULQJWRWKHUHVHDUFKUHSRUWHGLQWKHSXEOLFDWLRQVXFKDVµWKLVZRUN¶RUµIX WXUHZRUN¶ ,QSKDVHDPRUHWKRURXJKHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHIXOOSXEOLFDWLRQZDVGRQHWRVHHLIWKH SXEOLFDWLRQZDVUHSRUWLQJVRPHHPRWLRQDODVSHFWVRILQWHUDFWLQJZLWKDXWRPDWLRQV\V WHPVDWZRUN7KHPRVWW\SLFDOUHDVRQIRUUHMHFWLRQLQWKLVSKDVHZDVVWLOOWKDWµZRUN¶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µDXWRPDWLRQ¶ZDVDSSHDULQJRQO\LQWKHFRS\ULJKWVWDWHPHQWWKDW6FRSXVDSSHQGV WRWKHDEVWUDFW ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI$XWRPDWLRQDQG6PDUW7HFKQRORJ\

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

(55) 8VHU ([SHULHQFH. $XWRPDWLRQ >@ >@. >@ >@ >@ >@. >@. >@ >@. :RUN. )LJ3RVLWLRQLQJRIWKHOLWHUDWXUHZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHWKUHHUHOHYDQWDVSHFWV8VHU([SHULHQFH(Q JDJHPHQW$XWRPDWLRQDQG:RUN. >@SUHVHQWVDSURWRW\SHWKDWH[SORLWVJHVWXUHEDVHGLQWHUDFWLRQWHFKQLTXHLQWKHGR PDLQRIIOH[LEOHPDQXIDFWXULQJV\VWHPV SDUWO\DXWRQRPRXVORDGLQJVWDWLRQVFRQWUROOHG E\RSHUDWRUV

(56) 7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKHSDSHULVWRDVVHVVWKHLPSDFWRIQRYHOLQWHUDFWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV PRUHSUHFLVHO\JHVWXUHEDVHGRQHV

(57) RQXVHUH[SHULHQFH:KLOHWKHORDGLQJ VWDWLRQVDUHSDUW\DXWRQRPRXVWKHSDSHUIRFXVVHVRQ8; HVSHFLDOO\HPRWLRQDO8; IUXVWUDWLRQ DQG FRPSHWHQFH

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

(59) XVHULQWHUIDFH WRFRQWURODQDLUFOHDQLQJGHYLFH7KHFRPPDQGDQGFRQWUROV\VWHPHPEHGVFRQWH[WXDO LQIRUPDWLRQDIIHFWLQJLWVEHKDYLRUDQGJRRGXVHUH[SHULHQFHLVWULJJHUHGE\WKHSRVVL ELOLW\RIEUHDWKLQJDLURIJRRGTXDOLW\SURGXFHGE\WKHGHYLFH)RUWKLVUHDVRQWKHV\V WHP GHYLFHFRPPDQGDQGFRQWUROV\VWHP

(60) LVDXWRQRPRXVDQGDXWRPDWLRQLVGLVWULE XWHGEHWZHHQWKHVHWZRFRPSRQHQWVRIWKHV\VWHP$VWKLVGHYLFHEHORQJVWRWKHFDWH JRU\RIKRPHDSSOLDQFHVLWGRHVQRWFRQWULEXWHWRWKHZRUNWREHFDUULHGRXWE\WKHXVHU 7KLVSDSHUWKXVDSSHDUVDWWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQEHWZHHQ8;DQG$XWRPDWLRQLQ)LJ >@SUHVHQWVDWKHRUHWLFDOVWXG\DERXWKRZFXUUHQWHPRWLRQDOVWDWXVRISHUVRQVLQ IOXHQFHWKHLUUHOLDQFHRQDXWRPDWLRQ7KHFDVHVWXG\LVWDNHQIURPVHFXULW\VFDQQLQJ.

(61) V\VWHPV IRULQVWDQFHDWDLUSRUWV

(62) DQGWKHXVHRIDQ$XWRPDWHG:HDSRQ'HWHFWLRQV\V WHP7KHH[SHULPHQWKDVRQO\EHHQSHUIRUPHGZLWKVWXGHQWVDQGGRHVQRWUHODWHWRDQ\ ZRUNSUDFWLFHKHQFHLWVSRVLWLRQLQJDWWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQRIDXWRPDWLRQDQG8;LQ)LJ +RZHYHUWKHSDSHUFRQFOXGHVWKDWSRVLWLYHHPRWLRQDOVWDWXVLQFUHDVHVUHOLDQFH LHOLNH OLKRRGWRIROORZUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIURPDQDXWRQRPRXVV\VWHP

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³WKHULJKWLQIRUPDWLRQWRWKHULJKWXVHUDWWKHULJKWWLPHDQGSODFH´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

(65) . 'LVFXVVLRQ. 7KHRYHUDUFKLQJUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQWKDWPRWLYDWHGWKLVVWXG\ZDVwhat is known about engagement in relation to using automated systems at work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¶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¶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¶VIRFXVRIDWWHQWLRQ HJLQ>@

(67) ZKLOHLQKXPDQURERWLQWHUDFWLRQHQ JDJHPHQWUHIHUVWRWKHSHUFHLYHGFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHKXPDQDQGWKHURERWGXULQJ WKHLULQWHUDFWLRQ >@

(68) 7KHDQDO\VLVRIHQJDJHPHQWOLWHUDWXUHUHSRUWHGLQFKDSWHUZH IRXQGLWXVHIXOWRDQDO\]HWKHGHILQLWLRQVRIHQJDJHPHQWRQWKHFRQWLQXXPIURPVKRUW WHUPWRORQJWHUP$VWKHIRFXVRIWKLVUHVHDUFKLVRQZRUNFRQWH[WZHDUHSURPRWLQJ HQJDJHPHQWZLWKDXWRPDWLRQDVDQHPRWLRQDOPRWLYDWLRQDOFRQFHSWLQOLQHZLWK6FKDX IHOLHWDO¶VGHILQLWLRQ>@RIWKHFRQFHSWRIZRUNHQJDJHPHQW 7KLVSDSHUUHSRUWHGDV\VWHPDWLFOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZWRWDFNOHTXHVWLRQwhat is known about engagement in relation to using automated systems at work.7KHQHDUO\HPSW\ LQWHUVHFWLRQRIDXWRPDWLRQZRUNDQGXVHUH[SHULHQFHUHVHDUFKLQ)LJPD\EHGXHWR WKHIROORZLQJUHDVRQV%ULQJLQJDXWRPDWLRQWRZRUNFRQWH[WLVPRWLYDWHGE\LQFUHDVHG HIILFLHQF\DQGZRUNIRUFHVDYLQJVDQGWKHUROHRIHPSOR\HHVLVVHHQGLVDSSHDULQJDV DXWRPDWLRQSURFHHGVWROHYHOVZKHUHKXPDQRSHUDWLRQLVQRWUHTXLUHGDQ\PRUH7KHUH IRUHWKHKXPDQDVSHFWVLQDXWRPDWLRQDUHFRQVLGHUHGRIPLQRULPSRUWDQFHZKLOHIXOO DWWHQWLRQLVSODFHGRQWKHLQWHUQDOIXQFWLRQDOLW\RIWKHDXWRPDWLRQV\VWHP.

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x x x x x x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

(70) 7KHQHHGIRUJRRGXVHUH[SHULHQFHVGRHVQRWGLVDSSHDUZLWK DXWRPDWLRQ 5HIHUHQFHV +DQFRFN3$-DJDFLQVNL5-3DUDVXUDPDQ5:LFNHQV&':LOVRQ*).DEHU '%+XPDQDXWRPDWLRQLQWHUDFWLRQUHVHDUFK3DVWSUHVHQWDQGIXWXUH(UJRQRPLFVLQ'H VLJQ

(71)

(72) .XPIHU:-/HYXOLV6-2OVRQ0'%XUJHVV5$$+XPDQ)DFWRUV3HUVSHFWLYH RQ(WKLFDO&RQFHUQVRI9HKLFOH$XWRPDWLRQ3URFRIWKH+XPDQ)DFWRUVDQG(UJRQRPLFV 6RFLHW\$QQXDO0HHWLQJYRO1RSS6DJH&$/RV$QJHOHV

(73) *KD]L]DGHK0/HH-'%R\OH/1([WHQGLQJWKH7HFKQRORJ\$FFHSWDQFH0RGHOWR $VVHVV$XWRPDWLRQ&RJQLWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\ :RUN

(74)

(75) 6DYLRMD3/LLQDVXR0.RVNLQHQ+8VHUH[SHULHQFHGRHVLWPDWWHULQFRPSOH[V\V WHPV"&RJQLWLRQWHFKQRORJ\ ZRUN

(76)

(77) +DVVHQ]DKO0.ODSSHULFK+&RQYHQLHQWFOHDQDQGHIILFLHQW"WKHH[SHULHQWLDOFRVWVRI HYHU\GD\DXWRPDWLRQ,Q3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK1RUGLF&RQIHUHQFHRQ+XPDQ&RPSXWHU ,QWHUDFWLRQ)XQ)DVW)RXQGDWLRQDOSS$&0

(78) %DLQEULGJH/,URQLHVRIDXWRPDWLRQ$XWRPDWLFD

(79) 3DUDVXUDPDQ56KHULGDQ7%:LFNHQV&'$PRGHOIRUW\SHVDQGOHYHOVRIKXPDQ LQWHUDFWLRQZLWKDXWRPDWLRQ,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQV\VWHPVPDQDQGF\EHUQHWLFV3DUW$ 6\VWHPVDQG+XPDQV

(80)

(81) 3DUDVXUDPDQ55LOH\9+XPDQVDQGDXWRPDWLRQ8VHPLVXVHGLVXVHDEXVH+XPDQ )DFWRUV

(82)

(83) &XPPLQJV0/*DR)7KRUQEXUJ.0%RUHGRPLQWKHZRUNSODFHDQHZORRNDWDQ ROGSUREOHP+XPDQ)DFWRUV

(84)

(85) .

(86) 6FKDXIHOL:%6DODQRYD0*RQ]iOH]5RPi9%DNNHU$%7KHPHDVXUHPHQWRI HQJDJHPHQWDQGEXUQRXW$WZRVDPSOHFRQILUPDWRU\IDFWRUDQDO\WLFDSSURDFK-RXUQDORI +DSSLQHVV6WXGLHV

(87)

(88) .DKX(OOD5)UDPLQJVWXGHQWHQJDJHPHQWLQKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQStudies in higher education

(89) 7XUQHU37KHDQDWRP\RIHQJDJHPHQW3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK$QQXDO(XURSHDQ&RQIHU HQFHRQ&RJQLWLYH(UJRQRPLFV$&0 %¡GNHU6:KHQVHFRQGZDYH+&,PHHWVWKLUGZDYHFKDOOHQJHV,Q3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK 1RUGLF &RQIHUHQFH RQ +XPDQ&RPSXWHU ,QWHUDFWLRQ &KDQJLQJ 5ROHV SS $&0

(90) 5DPVD\-%DUEHVL$3UHHFH-$SV\FKRORJLFDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIORQJUHWULHYDOWLPHVRQ WKH:RUOG:LGH:HE,QWHUDFWLQJZLWK&RPSXWHUV

(91)

(92) &RXVLQ*'HHSZHOO)'HVLJQVIRUQHWZRUNOHDUQLQJ$FRPPXQLWLHVRISUDFWLFHSHUVSHF WLYH6WXGLHVLQ+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ

(93)

(94) 'LFNH\0'(QJDJLQJE\GHVLJQ+RZHQJDJHPHQWVWUDWHJLHVLQSRSXODUFRPSXWHUDQG YLGHRJDPHVFDQLQIRUPLQVWUXFWLRQDOGHVLJQ(GXFDWLRQDO7HFKQRORJ\5HVHDUFKDQG'HYHO RSPHQW

(95)

(96) +DZWKRUQ',QWHUIDFHGHVLJQDQGHQJDJHPHQWZLWKROGHUSHRSOH%HKDYLRXU ,QIRUPDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\

(97)

(98) .D\ 5 (YDOXDWLQJ OHDUQLQJ GHVLJQ DQG HQJDJHPHQW LQ ZHEEDVHG OHDUQLQJ WRROV :%/7V

(99) 7KH:%/7(YDOXDWLRQ6FDOH&RPSXWHUVLQ+XPDQ%HKDYLRU

(100)

(101) 3U]\E\OVNL$.5LJE\&65\DQ50$PRWLYDWLRQDOPRGHORIYLGHRJDPHHQJDJH PHQW5HYLHZRIJHQHUDOSV\FKRORJ\

(102)

(103) -DFXFFL*0RUULVRQ$5LFKDUG*7.OHLPROD-3HOWRQHQ33DULVL//DLWLQHQ7 :RUOGVRILQIRUPDWLRQGHVLJQLQJIRUHQJDJHPHQWDWDSXEOLFPXOWLWRXFKGLVSOD\,Q3UR FHHGLQJVRIWKH6,*&+,&RQIHUHQFHRQ+XPDQ)DFWRUVLQ&RPSXWLQJ6\VWHPVSS $&0

(104) 6LGQHU&/.LGG&'/HH&/HVK1:KHUHWRORRNDVWXG\RIKXPDQURERWHQJDJH PHQW,Q3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWKLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRQIHUHQFHRQ,QWHOOLJHQWXVHULQWHUIDFHVSS $&0

(105) %DUJDV$YLOD-$+RUQE N.2OGZLQHLQQHZERWWOHVRUQRYHOFKDOOHQJHVDFULWLFDO DQDO\VLVRIHPSLULFDOVWXGLHVRIXVHUH[SHULHQFH,Q3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH6,*&+,&RQIHUHQFH RQ+XPDQ)DFWRUVLQ&RPSXWLQJ6\VWHPVSS$&0

(106) 0HUDW1-DPVRQ$+/DL)&'DO\0&DUVWHQ207UDQVLWLRQWRPDQXDO'ULYHU EHKDYLRXUZKHQUHVXPLQJFRQWUROIURPDKLJKO\DXWRPDWHGYHKLFOH7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK 3DUW)7UDIILF3V\FKRORJ\DQG%HKDYLRXU

(107) %UHUHWRQ3.LWFKHQKDP%$%XGJHQ'7XUQHU0.KDOLO0/HVVRQVIURPDSSO\LQJ WKHV\VWHPDWLFOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZSURFHVVZLWKLQWKHVRIWZDUHHQJLQHHULQJGRPDLQ-RXUQDORI 6\VWHPVDQG6RIWZDUH

(108)

(109) &DUYHU/ 7XURII0+XPDQFRPSXWHULQWHUDFWLRQWKHKXPDQDQGFRPSXWHUDVDWHDP LQHPHUJHQF\PDQDJHPHQWLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPV&RPPXQLFDWLRQVRIWKH$&0

(110)

(111) )LWWV 30 +XPDQ HQJLQHHULQJ IRU DQ HIIHFWLYH DLU QDYLJDWLRQ DQG WUDIILF FRQWURO V\VWHP 1DWLRQDO5HVHDUFK&RXQFLO:DVKLQJWRQ'&

(112) *RRP0.)XQFWLRQDOORFDWLRQDQG0$135,17,Q%HHYLV'(VVHQV36FKXIIHO+ HGV

(113) ,PSURYLQJIXQFWLRQDOORFDWLRQIRULQWHJUDWHGV\VWHPVGHVLJQSS7HFKQLFDO5H SRUW &6(5,$& 62$5 &UHZ 6\VWHPV (UJRQRPLFV ,QIRUPDWLRQ $QDO\VLV &HQWUH :ULJKW3DWWHUVRQ$LUIRUFH%DVH2+86$

(114) .

(115) 'HDUGHQ0+DUULVRQ3:ULJKW$OORFDWLRQRIIXQFWLRQVFHQDULRVFRQWH[WDQGWKHHFR QRPLFVRIHIIRUW,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI+XPDQ&RPSXWHU6WXGLHV

(116)

(117) &DUG6.0RUDQ731HZHOO$7KH0RGHO+XPDQ3URFHVVRU$Q(QJLQHHULQJ0RGHO RI +XPDQ 3HUIRUPDQFH ,Q %RII . 5 .DXIPDQ / 7KRPDV - 3 HGV

(118) +DQGERRN RI 3HUFHSWLRQ DQG+XPDQ 3HUIRUPDQFH 9RO &RJQLWLYH 3URFHVVHV DQG 3HUIRUPDQFH -RKQ :LOH\ 6RQV2[IRUG(QJODQG

(119) 5HDVRQ - *HQHULF HUURU PRGHOOLQJ V\VWHP *(06

(120) D FRJQLWLYHIUDPHZRUN IRU ORFDWLQJ FRPPRQKXPDQHUURUIRUPV,Q5DVPXVVHQ-'XQFDQ./HSODW/ HGV

(121) 1HZ7HFKQRORJ\ DQG+XPDQ(UURU:LOH\1HZ<RUN

(122) $YL]LHQLV $ /DSULH -& 5DQGHOO % /DQGZHKU & %DVLFFRQFHSWVDQG WD[RQRP\ RI GHSHQGDEOHDQGVHFXUHFRPSXWLQJ,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ'HSHQGDEOHDQG6HFXUH&RPSX WLQJ

(123)

(124) +HLPRQHQ7+DNXOLQHQ-7XUXQHQ0-RNLQHQ-.HVNLQHQ75DLVDPR5'HVLJQLQJ *HVWXUH%DVHG&RQWUROIRU)DFWRU\$XWRPDWLRQ,Q3URFHHGLQJVRI,17(5$&7SS ±

(125) 3DOYLDLQHQ - 9llQlQHQ9DLQLR0DWWLOD . 8VHU ([SHULHQFH LQ 0DFKLQHU\ $XWRPDWLRQ )URP&RQFHSWVDQG&RQWH[WWR'HVLJQ,PSOLFDWLRQV+XPDQ&HQWHUHG'HVLJQ,Q3URFHHG LQJVRI+&,,SS±

(126) &DR+6XX<$&DVH6WXG\RI$LU&OHDQHUE\WKH,QWHOOLJHQW,QWHUDFWLRQDQG(PRWLRQ -RXUQDORI3K\VLFV&RQIHUHQFH6HULHV

(127)

(128) 0HUULWW6$IIHFWLYH3URFHVVHVLQ+XPDQ±$XWRPDWLRQ,QWHUDFWLRQV+XPDQ)DFWRUV

(129) ±

(130) %RGNHU6$QGHUVHQ3%&RPSOH[0HGLDWLRQ+XPDQ&RPSXWHU,QWHUDFWLRQ

(131)

(132) +DR<+HOR37KHUROHRIZHDUDEOHGHYLFHVLQPHHWLQJWKHQHHGVRIFORXGPDQXIDFWXULQJ $FDVHVWXG\5RERWLFVDQG&RPSXWHU,QWHJUDWHG0DQXIDFWXULQJ

(133) )LOKR 566 +XDQJ &/ 7HZDUL $ -RELQ - 0RGL 3 8VLQJZHDUDEOH DQG FRQWH[WXDO FRPSXWLQJWRRSWLPL]HILHOGHQJLQHHULQJZRUNSUDFWLFHV3URFRIWKH,QW&RQIRQ+XPDQ ,QWHUIDFHDQGWKH0DQDJHPHQWRI,QIRUPDWLRQ6SULQJHUSS&KDP

(134) :DWDQXNL . $ 0L[HG 5HDOLW\EDVHG (PRWLRQDO ,QWHUDFWLRQV DQG &RPPXQLFDWLRQV IRU 0DQXIDFWXULQJ6NLOOV7UDLQLQJ-RXUQDORI3K\VLFV&RQIHUHQFH6HULHV

(135)

(136) .\PlOlLQHQ7.DDVLQHQ($LNDOD0+DNXOLQHQ-+HLPRQHQ73DXQRQHQ+ 0DQQRQHQ 3 (YDOXDWLQJ IXWXUH DXWRPDWLRQ ZRUN LQ SURFHVV SODQWV ZLWK DQ H[SHULHQFH GULYHQ VFLHQFH ILFWLRQ SURWRW\SH ,Q 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ ,QWHOOLJHQW(QYLURQPHQWV ,(

(137) SS,(((

(138) 6FKPLGW$+HUUPDQQ7,QWHUYHQWLRQXVHULQWHUIDFHVDQHZLQWHUDFWLRQSDUDGLJPIRUDX WRPDWHGV\VWHPV,QWHUDFWLRQV

(139)

(140) 'HNNHU6:DQG:ULJKW3&)XQFWLRQ$OORFDWLRQ$4XHVWLRQRI7DVN7UDQVIRU PDWLRQQRW$OORFDWLRQ,Q)DOORQ(%DQQRQ/DQG0F&DUWK\- (GV

(141) $//)1¶5HYLV LWLQJWKH$OORFDWLRQRI)XQFWLRQV,VVXH1HZ3HUVSHFWLYHVSS±,($3UHVV 0DWWKHZV*:DUP-66KDZ7+ )LQRPRUH9

(142) 3UHGLFWLQJEDWWOHILHOGYLJLODQFH DPXOWLYDULDWHDSSURDFKWRDVVHVVPHQWRIDWWHQWLRQDOUHVRXUFHV(UJRQRPLFV 5LFK&3RQVOHU%+ROUR\G$ 6LGQHU&/ 0DUFK

(143) 5HFRJQL]LQJHQJDJHPHQW LQKXPDQURERWLQWHUDFWLRQ,Q+XPDQ5RERW,QWHUDFWLRQ +5,

(144) WK$&0,(((,QWHU QDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ SS

(145) ,((( $3$3XEOLFDWLRQ0DQXDORIWKH$PHULFDQ3V\FKRORJLFDO$VVRFLDWLRQ6L[WK(GLWLRQ DYDLODEOHRQOLQHKWWSZZZDSDVW\OHRUJPDQXDO YDQ'DP$3RVW:,03XVHULQWHUIDFHV&RPPXQ$&0 )HE

(146) .

(147)