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Méthodes Multipôles Rapides pour l'électromagnétisme : Parallélisme et Basses Fréquences

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(1)Méthodes Multipôles Rapides pour l’électromagnétisme : Parallélisme et Basses Fréquences Pascal Havé. To cite this version: Pascal Havé. Méthodes Multipôles Rapides pour l’électromagnétisme : Parallélisme et Basses Fréquences. Mathématiques [math]. Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2004. Français. �tel-00007001�. HAL Id: tel-00007001 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007001 Submitted on 29 Sep 2004. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) Universit´ e Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI ´ Ecole doctorale des Sciences Math´ ematiques de Paris Centre UFR 921. M´ ethodes Multipˆ oles Rapides pour l’´ electromagn´ etisme : Parall´ elisme et Basses Fr´ equences ` THESE pr´esent´ee et soutenue publiquement le Jeudi 13 Mai 2004 pour l’obtention du. Doctorat de l’universit´ e Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6 (sp´ ecialit´ e Math´ ematiques Appliqu´ ees) par. Pascal Hav´ e. Composition du jury Directeur de th`ese :. O. PIRONNEAU. Universit´e Pierre et Marie Curie. Rapporteurs :. L. GREENGARD P. JOLY. Courant Institute, NYU INRIA. Examinateurs :. ´ B. DESPRES P. Frey P. SOUDAIS. Universit´e Pierre et Marie Curie Universit´e Pierre et Marie Curie Dassault-Aviation. Laboratoire Jacques Louis Lions — UMR 7598.

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