Méthodes Multipôles Rapides pour l'électromagnétisme : Parallélisme et Basses Fréquences
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(2) Universit´ e Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI ´ Ecole doctorale des Sciences Math´ ematiques de Paris Centre UFR 921. M´ ethodes Multipˆ oles Rapides pour l’´ electromagn´ etisme : Parall´ elisme et Basses Fr´ equences ` THESE pr´esent´ee et soutenue publiquement le Jeudi 13 Mai 2004 pour l’obtention du. Doctorat de l’universit´ e Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6 (sp´ ecialit´ e Math´ ematiques Appliqu´ ees) par. Pascal Hav´ e. Composition du jury Directeur de th`ese :. O. PIRONNEAU. Universit´e Pierre et Marie Curie. Rapporteurs :. L. GREENGARD P. JOLY. Courant Institute, NYU INRIA. Examinateurs :. ´ B. DESPRES P. Frey P. SOUDAIS. Universit´e Pierre et Marie Curie Universit´e Pierre et Marie Curie Dassault-Aviation. Laboratoire Jacques Louis Lions — UMR 7598.
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