Women in sciences and technologies

(1)

Sous-titre

“Women in science and technology:

education and professional aspects”

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

Brewing and Engineering Congress | Veldhoven, 2010

(6)

Outline

1. Some numbers

2. Some findings

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(8)

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Sources

•http://appsso.

eurostat

.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?d

ataset=rd_p_femres&lang=fr

(10)

Proportion of female researchers |

EU-15-25-27

(11)

Proportion of female researchers |

Africa

Reference year 2007

55 ,7 52,3 44 ,6 41,5 41 ₄₀,3 ₄₀ 36 ,2 35 ,7 35,2 34 ,8 33, 5 30,8 28 ,2 27 ,4 24 ,7 19 ,9 19 ₁₇ 16, 5 13 ,4 12 ,8 12, 1 12 _9,9 8,7 _7,4 5, 8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Leso th o-3 Cap verde -5 Tuni si a-2 Cent .Afr. Rep. Ugan da South Afri ca Suda n-2 Egypt Seyc helle s-2 Mada gasca r Alge ria-2 Moza mbiqu e-1 Botsw ana -2 Mor occo -1 Zamb ia-2 Gabo n-1 Mauri tiu s-10 Cam eroo n-2 Niger ia-2 Burk ina Faso Cong o-7 Ma li-1 Togo Sene gal Gam bi a-2 Ethi opia Guin ea-7

%

(12)

Proportion of female researchers |

Asia

Reference year 2007

85, 5 52 ,7 52 52 51, 3 50 ,3 48,1 44 ,7 43,7 ₄₂,8 ₄₁,5 40, 6 38 ,8 37 ,7 35 ,2 30 ,6 27, 4 27, 3 23 23 _21,6 ₂₁,3 ₂₀,7 17 ,4 15 14 ,9 14 ,8 14 ₁₃ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Mya nma r-5 Geor gi a-2 Azer baija n Phili ppin es-2 Kaza khst an+1 Thai land -2 Mon golia Arme nia Kyrg yzst an Viet N am-5 Sri L anka -1 Brun ei-3 Tajik ista n-1 Mal aysi a1 Kuw ait Indo nesi a-2 Sing pore Paki stan _Iran-1 Lao PD R-5 Mac ao,C h.-2 Jord an-4 cam bodi a-5 Saud i Ara bi a-5 Nepa l-5 Rep. Kor ea Indi a-2 Bang lads h-10_Japan

%

(13)

Proportion of female researchers in 8 countries of

Europe, Asia and Africa

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Aserbaijan Tunisia Spain Sweden France Germany Japan Senegal

(14)

Number of female researchers in 8 countries

of Europe, Asia and Africa/ 10 000 inhabitants

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% Female researchers

(15)

Number of male researchers in 8 countries of

Europe, Asia and Africa/ 10 000 inhabitants

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% Female researchers

Female Researchers / 10 000 inhabitants Male Researchers / 10 000 inhabitants

(16)

Proportion of female PhD graduates

US

2009

EU-27

2006

54

51

25

41

47

52

64

45

54 Agriculture|veterinary

70 Health|welfare

21 Engineering|manufacturing|construction

44 Sciences|mathematics|computing

55 Social sciences|business|law

52 Humanities|arts

67 Education

47 All fields

(17)

Proportion of female PhD graduates

|

Natural

science and engineering

18

34

35

56 EU-27

2006

22

31

52 US

2009

Computing

Mathematics

|

statistics

Physical sciences

Life science

(18)

Proportion of female PhD graduates

|

Natural

science and engineering

18

34

35

56 EU-27

2006

22

31

52 US

2009

Computing

Mathematics

|

statistics

Physical sciences

Life sciences

20 Physics-astronomy

37 Chemistry

(19)

Evolution of female PhD graduates

|

US

Physical sciences + mathematics + computing

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 Sum Male Female US | PS + Math + Comp

(20)

y = 294,07x + 110,43 y = 288,14x + 3464,4 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 Sum Male Female Lin (F) Lin (M) US | PS + Math + Comp

Evolution of female PhD graduates

|

US

(21)

Evolution of female PhD graduates

|

US

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060

%

Engineering PS + Math+ Comp Prospective | engineering

Prospective | PS + Math + Comp

US

(22)

Proportions of men and women in a typical

academic career | 2002/2006

42 59 60 67 84 41 55 56 64 82 58 41 ₄₀ 33 16 59 45 ₄₄ 36 18 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

ISCED 5A graduates ISCED 6A graduates Grade C Grade B Gade A

%

Male 2002 Male 2006 Female 2002 Female 2006

EU-27

(23)

Proportions of men and women in a typical

academic career | 2002/2006

42 59 60 67 84 41 55 56 64 82 58 41 ₄₀ 33 16 59 45 ₄₄ 36 18 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

ISCED 5A graduates ISCED 6A graduates Grade C Grade B Gade A

%

Male 2002 Male 2006 Female 2002 Female 2006 Female | Polit. Sc.

EU-27

US | 2007

(24)

Proportions of men and women in a typical academic

career

in science & engineering

| 2002/2006

66 67 71 83 92 66 64 67 78 89 34 ₃₃ 29 17 8 34 36 ₃₃ 22 11,5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 ISCED 5A graduates ISCED 6A graduates

Grade C Grade B Gade A

%

EU-27

(25)

Proportions of men and women in a typical academic

career in

science & engineering

| 2002/2006

66 67 71 83 92 66 64 67 78 89 34 ₃₃ 29 17 8 34 36 ₃₃ 22 11,5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 ISCED 5A graduates ISCED 6A graduates

Grade C Grade B Gade A

%

Female | Mechan. Eng Female | Chemic eng

EU-27

USA | 2007

EU-27

(26)

To keep in mind :

z

Women remain a minority in

research

z

…

specifically in engineering and

computing

z

Existence of a leaky pipeline

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2. Some findings

z

Educational level :

(29)

CF (Belgium)|Terminal two years of general

secondary education

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 Girls Boys > 6 hours of Math/weak General Education

1/3

_1/2

(30)

Courses chosen by the girls with the highest training in mathematics 12 7 15 10 ₉ 13 4 18 12 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Courses chosen by the boys with the highest training in mathematics 22 25 24 7 7 ₆ 2 4 3 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Solvay Sc. Appl. Sc., inform. Droit Sc. soc., pol. et éco Philo-lettres, journ. Pharma, Kiné, Ed. phys. Médecine Psycho-péda

(31)

Why ?

z

Poor picture of job prospects (G = B)

z

Poor picture of jobs (G = B) [status]

z

Difficulty to combine family and

professional life (G

B)

z

Lack of support from the school or

(32)

2. Some findings

z

Educational level :

–

Sciences are not very attractive

z

Professional level :

(33)

z

« If women applied for positions at RI

institutions,they had a better chance of being

interviewed and receiving offers than had

male job candidate »

z

… but they do not apply

20

19

12

14 Physics

32

30

16

18 Civil eng.

34

28

26

45 Biology

Mean % of F

Æ

Offer

Mean % of F

Æ

interview

Mean % of F

applicants

% Female

Ph.D.s

(34)

(35)

For schools

The main goal is to increase the number

of girls that start science at University.

(36)

How ?

z

Information ?

–

School, family, Universities ( website,

open house days, booklets)

z

Special events for girls

–

One week in a lab

–

Exhibitions

z

Creative stories

(37)

For research institutions

The main goal is to increase the number

of women applying for tenure-track or

tenured positions

(38)

How ?

z

Design and implement recruitment strategies :

Targeted advertising

Recruiting at conferences

Recruiting commitee including a higher

proportion of women

Support of associations that promote

women in scientific careers

(39)

How ?

z

Make the career more attractive :

Inititiate mentoring programs

Make tenure and promotion procedures

as transparent as possible

Develop stop-the-tenure-clock policies and

assess their impact on advancement

(40)

z

How is professional outcome affected by

gender differences in family-related

obligations?

z

Why do female researchers feel a sense

of isolation in the faculty ?

(41)

It is hoped

that the implementation of these measures will lead

to a greater number of women in research

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