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(1)Topologie Algébrique Dirigée et Concurrence Emmanuel Haucourt. To cite this version: Emmanuel Haucourt. Topologie Algébrique Dirigée et Concurrence. Autre [cs.OH]. Université ParisDiderot - Paris VII, 2005. Français. �tel-00172472�. HAL Id: tel-00172472 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00172472 Submitted on 17 Sep 2007. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

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